Intuition The heart has its reasons which reason does not know. Pascal, 1670.

1. Intuition The heart has its reasons which reason does not know. Pascal, 1670. He that trusteth his own heart is a fool. Proverbs 28:36 How much do we know at any time? Much more, or so I believe, than we know we know! Agatha Christie, The Moving Finger Nothing is so difficult as not deceiving onself. Ludvig Wittgenstein

2. Intuition: does it exist? General consensus that it exists but we have been wrong before. . . . . earth is flat . . . sun travels around earth. . . .

3. Intuition: what is it? • things tell you things • Implicit and unconscious, but depends on the 5 senses • Emotional (gut feeling) but has strong cognitive component • Error prone but do we ever say, “I just had a feeling in my gut… • that I was wrong about this?” • Slow to learn and hard to unlearn • Some people are just good at it, but develops with experience • Accessible to verbal articulation but self-report is fallacious • Leads to action except sometimes intuition is to not act • Occurs in split-second situations and develops slowly across time • things tell you things

4. Intuition: what else is it? • Increased alertness or vigilance • Higher level of motivation • Better social skills • More common sense • Greater awareness of the situation • Being more assertive • Having greater empathy • Being more focused • More dedicated and enthusiastic for role of cop • Having integrity; character • Complex pattern recognition • Complex emergent process

5. Intuition: where/when does it occur? • When are calm (and can observe more) • When in survival situation and need immediate decision • In crime scene investigation (that can go on for days or months) • When remain open to alternative hypotheses • In law enforcement, medicine, airport & border security: • car salesmen? • out hunting and feel (animal’s) eyes on you?

6. Intuition: is it learned or innate? • 20% have it • National Academy classes: 90% report experiencing • “intuitive event” • People get better with experience and mentoring • Some people remain clueless even after years on the job • Has implications for training and assessment

7. Intuition: is it learned or innate? Has implications for training and assessment learning genetics Area of the individual needs H X W to exist

8. Intuition: what is it? Immediate insight without observation or reason Perception-like, rapid, effortless cognition leading to action Social intuition: sensing that something is not right Unconscious learning Complex pattern recognition Myers, D. G. (2002). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. New Haven: Yale University Press.

9. Intuition: does it exist? • Science: if we can measure it • Describe operations of measurement • Agree that may not have consensus • other abstractions are measured: • time • general relativity theory • special relativity theory intelligence

10. Precedence exists “However, the conviction remains that whenever we do use vision to become aware of objects or events, this must be accompanied by a corresponding visual experience. . . .The experiments reported here show that this belief is incorrect. In particular, some observers can consciously feel (or sense) a change in their surroundings even though they no visual experience of it. . . . “

11. “Forty naïve observers were tested. Observers viewed the display and were asked to press a response key twice. The first response was to be given when they sense a change – that is, had a “feeling” that a change was occurring. The second response key was to be given when they saw the change – that is, had a visual experience sufficient for a verbal description of the changing item. . . .” Rensink, R. A. (2004). Visual Sensing Without Seeing. Psychological Science, 15, 27-32.

12. Intuition: in controlled settings? Priming studies: Present a word on a screen (e.g., “bread”) too briefly for people to be able to verbally report the word – Then flash either “bubble” or “butter” briefly but slow enough that people can see it: Will see butter more easily (faster) than bubble Primed the word butter with a cue that person could not report seeing.

13. Intuition: how can we research it? Descriptive studies: Who: experienced vs rookie men and women equally? bad guys and good guys When: repeated or seldom ET “instantaneous” vs. slow realization Where: alone or with partner situations of high/low risk situations of high/low emotions at work or “all the time” with constant or with changing environments

14. Intuition: how can we research it? • Retrospective studies: • Self-report . . . . . • memory • reporting requirements • feedback Talking through; think aloud

15. Intuition: how can we research it? • Correlational studies: • Implicit and unconscious, but depends on the 5 senses • Emotional (gut feeling) but has strong cognitive component • Error prone but do we ever say, “I just had a feeling in my gut…that I was wrong about this?” • Slow to learn and hard to unlearn • Some people are just good at it, but develops with experience • Accessible to verbal articulation but self-report is fallacious • Leads to action except sometimes intuition is to not act • Occurs in split-second situations and develops slowly across time • Look for presence or absence of one to occur with presence or absence of the other: e.g., does intuition occur more often under stress or calm?

16. Intuition: how can we research it? Experimental studies: Manipulate antecedents and measure behavior E.g., person observes complex scene (with low or high density of cues) and track eye movement as a function of the cues moving around in that environment. Vary the characteristics of the person – test the expert as well as the novice.

17. “Signal” Present Absent “Response” No Yes

18. Future Directions Research Recommendations Research Priorities