AMA 170 - Anatomy & Physiology/Medical Terminology/Pathology 1 Introduction

1. AMA 170 - Anatomy & Physiology/Medical Terminology/Pathology 1Introduction

2. 3 objectives to keep in mind as you study: • Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining form • Relate medical terms to structure and function of human body • Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems (see the handouts on the website)

3. Analyze words by dividing into component parts: root, suffix, combining form Root: foundation of the word Suffix: word ending Combining vowel: usually “o” links the two Example: cardi/o/logy root/combining vowel/suffix heart/combining vowel/study of meaning: study of the heart

4. Structural organization of the body Cells: smallest living fundamental unit Examples of some cells in the body: • Muscle cells: contract • Nerve: conduct electrical impulses • Epithelial: skin and lining • Fat cell: contain empty spaces to store fat

6. Cells: smallest living fundamental unit • cell membrane: surrounds, protects and regulates what goes in and out • nucleus: controls the operations of the cells and determines function • chromosomes: 23 pairs in all human body cells except sperm and egg which contain half so that when reproduction occurs they combine; contain genes that contain DNA that regulate activity by their sequence which is like a code that tells the cell what to do

10. Cells: smallest living fundamental unit • Cytoplasm: between nucleus and cell membrane does the work of the cell • Mitochondria: found inside the cytoplasm are the power plants; they create oxygen by burning food • Endoplasmic reticulum: also found inside the cytoplasm are like cellular tunnels in which proteins are manufactured

11. Cell Chemical Reactions • Catabolism: chemical reaction that breaks down complex foods to release energy • Anabolism: process of building up complex materials (amino acids) to make larger proteins • Metabolism: both processes together; the total chemical process going on

12. Tissues: groups of similar cells working together to do a specific job For example: • Muscle tissue contracts • Epithelial tissue forms linings and covers i.e. skin • Connective tissue do just that: fat, cartilage, bone and blood • Nerve tissues conduct impulses all over the body

13. Organs: structures composed of several types of tissue • An organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. • Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. • For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nervous, blood, connective etc.

15. Systems: groups of organs working together to perform complex functions There are 9 body systems:Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous, Circulatory, Musculoskeletal, Skin & Sense organs A group of related organs is an organ system. Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine.

16. Body Cavity: space within the body that contains internal organs • The human body consists of the following cavities: • dorsal body cavity • cranial cavity, enclosed by the Skull and contains the brain, eyes, and ears. • spinal canal, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord. • ventral body cavity • thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart. • abdominopelvic cavity • abdominal cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas./pelvic cavity, enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system.

18. Things to study further….. • Study the regions, quadrants, planes, divisions of the spinal column and positional and directional terms • Study the prefixes and suffixes in chapters 3 and 4…practice, use cards, CD, and repetition… this will carry you throughout the entire text.