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The Beginning of the Cold War: Containment and Tensions

Explore the origins of the Cold War, the policies of containment, and the contrasting cultures and ideologies of the United States and the USSR. Learn about key events such as the Yalta Conference, Truman's presidency, and the Berlin Blockade. Discover the United Nations and the division of Germany.

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The Beginning of the Cold War: Containment and Tensions

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  1. Beginning of the Cold War • Cold War = refers to a state of hostility between U.S. & U.S.S.R w/ out direct fighting • U.S. point of view: USSR was a nation dedicated to overthrowing capitalism- “Comintern” (market system) • USSR point of view: distrust because 1. attempt to help stop Bolshevik Rev. (U.S., GB & France sent troops to help democracy) • 2. Delayed 2 yrs opening 2nd front in WWII (D-Day) (Russians suffered most deaths of Allies) • 3. Took U.S. 16 years to recognized USSR(exchange of ambassadors, embassies & trade)

  2. Yalta Conference • Feb. 1945 as war drawing to a close: Big three meet (Stalin, FDR, & Churchill) Decisions: United Nations replace weak League Nations & unconditional surrender • USSR occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania (buffer states because invaded 2x)(satellite nations) • Stalin promised free elections let people in countries choose type of govt. capitalist or communist(broken promise)

  3. Path to the White House for Truman • Elected to U.S. Senate in 1934 • Honest, plain-spoken style • Selected as FDR’s running mate in 1944 • FDR’s death 7 weeks after inauguration made Truman president -2 terms

  4. Truman’s First Term • Last months of WWII • Atomic bomb decision • Committed to containment of communism • Winston Churchill gave the “Iron Curtain” speech in MO (next 43 yrs Iron Curtain refers to Communist nations of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union)

  5. A Contrast in Cultures: • U.S. • Economics: Capitalism • - Private ownership of property • - Free market (Adam Smith) (competition & profit motive – invisible hand that keep prices low & innovation high)how? • Govt: Democracy • - Right to rule comes from the people; representatives chosen • - Liberties protected (speech, etc.)

  6. U.S.S.R • Economics: Communism • - The state owns property and controls production • - The communist party dominates the state --equal shared wealth (kills profit motive) how? govt controls & evenly distributes wealth • govt: Totalitarianism- State has total control over citizens; liberties limited china today: 1 child rule, grade citizens

  7. fri start here U.S. policy of Containment • - Prevent the further spread of communism • - Diplomatic, economic, and even military actions to prevent spread of communism. Video #1 policy of Containment 4:04 • Soviets already in E.Europe from WWII so don’t let it spread any further

  8. Goals of Each Nation: • U.S.S.R. - Satellite Nations –buffer zone • Soviet control eastern European nations for a security buffer - • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria(2 times invaded)

  9. U.S. Brinkmanship (“massive retaliation”) by IKE - Both sides will build their military up &challenge, intimidate, and test the other - They will at times reach the “brink” (edge) of direct war but pull back (show America Story of Us: Superpower 36:20-40:00)

  10. Philippines • Independence • Leases to U.S. for military bases Rodrigo Duterte

  11. Japan • Military dismantled • Ceremonial emperor • A democratic constitution was established

  12. China • Two rivals before and after WWII: • - Nationalists led by • ChiangKaishek • - Communists led by • Mao Zedong, revolutionaries

  13. 1949 China overtaken by the Communists • Mao remains as an oppressive communist leader for years – USSR & China become rivals competing for domination over weaker powers Mao Zedong

  14. United Nations - Formed in closing months of WWII - World organization which would keep peace and work for human rights - Nations would unite, even use force, to prevent aggression • General Assembly (each nation 1 vote) (forum to discuss issues peacefully) • Security Council (11 members -5 permanent –U.S., GB, France, China & USSR (veto power) (teeth of new world peace organization) 6 temporary • Real power to act w/ member nations military video – How does the UN work? 3:33

  15. Germany divided into 4 occupation zones (U.S., GB, France & USSR) • Berlin in Soviet zone but divided into 4 too. • Soviets Fear U.S. influences in Europe!!!! BERLIN

  16. Berlin Air Lift 1948 – Soviets cut off Berlin from West (shut down all roads into Berlin from other spheres) why? (E.Europe already in Soviet hands) (Test to Containment) • Truman’s choices? (think of Lincoln & Ft. Sumter) • Truman airlifts of supplies in. • June 1948-May 1949 fly 500 flights a day into Berlin. (250,000 total flights) • (Stalin loses this struggle but build Berlin Wall) show video • Fear of being shot down (game of chicken) but Truman sent in 4,000 tons supplies for months until Soviets lifted blockade after yr • (first test of containment)(Truman Victory)

  17. Poland taken by Soviets: Stalin justified that every time USSR /Russia invaded it has been through Poland so keeping it as buffer zone (no free elections like he promised at Yalta –Containment Policy loss)

  18. Marshall Plan – 1947 sec. of state George Marshall give Europe aid $13B to rebuild - • how is this different than WWI? • 2 goals 1. Containment of Communism how? (when is Communism more popular? Good econ times or bad? • 2. Prevent repeat of WWI crisis • (U.S. taxs $ rebuild W.Europe) • also encourage Free Trade (bye bye TARIFF) & rebuild Europe’s currencies) • Success: Europe’s GDPs rise by 35% (60% of $ spent on industries) • Offered $ to Stalin w/ strings attached – private industries –why wouldn’t Stalin accept?

  19. Video: What was the Marshall Plan? 3:16

  20. Greece & Turkey - Communist ideas spreading with Soviets help- 1947? (rivals)& destroyed. • Why does USSR want Greece & Turkey?? • (Soviets want warm water access) Syria? • Truman Doctrine - $400 m to fight Communism in Greece (in Civil War) & Turkey ($100 m) -aid - trying to prevent Communism • Policy of Containment at work economically (any means necessary)? • NATO & Warsaw Pact –military alliances est • Video – Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan 4:00)

  21. Korean War • Before WWII, 1910 Japan took over Korea & ruled until 1945 • After WWII, Japan surrendered: • Troops North 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets (Soviets set up Totalitarian communism) • Troops South 38th surrendered to U.S. (U.S. set up Capitalist Democracy) • By 1949 US & USSR withdrew from Korea (North left more militaristic than South) • June 25, 1950 – N.Korea under Kim Il Sung invaded S.Korea crossing 38th _________ USSR 1949

  22. Truman’s Reaction to Invasion of S.Korea • Truman believed Stalin is behind invasion & acting just like Hitler & no one stood up to Hitler (believed N. Korean invasion was Stalin &/or Mao Zedong's idea) • Truman bypassed Congress(controversial, why?) & went to the UN*why is this significant in terms of League of Nations & U.S. ratification of Versailles Treaty? • China & USSR boycotting UN for non-recognition of Communist China sono VETO power if your absent • So U.S. & U.N. forces sent to S. Korea w/ MacArthur in charge. • Landed ground troops & pushed N.Koreans back across 38th parallel (success)

  23. Encouraged from victory, Truman changed goal: Unite all Korea(mistake!) • Crossed 38th parallel & marching to Yalu River(border between Korea & China) • Chinese (Communist) invaded & helped N.Korea push the UN forces back beyond 38th parallel (cease fire) • Although failed to reunite Korea (secondary goal) Communism contained! Containment works! (Primary goal successful) • Korea still 2 nations (S.Korea capitalistic democracy & N.Korea communist totalitarian dictatorship Kim Il-sung & Kim Jong-Il & now Kim Jong-un)

  24. Finish video monday1:53 • The Korean War: 5 things to know (3:54)

  25. West v. East coming into Germany to take Hitler (Normandy D-Day, Soviet movement & Berlin) Satelite Nations Iron Curtain Germany

  26. What were the Nuremberg Trials & how was the Geneva Convention used in them? • What was the United Nations & its purpose & how will the UN be different then the League of Nations? • How was Germany divided & what happened to the capital city of Berlin? • What is meant by the Cold War & what economical & political differences were there between the U.S. & USSR? • What was the Iron Curtain Speech ? • What was meant by the Satellite Nations & buffer states of the Soviet Union? • What was Truman’s Containment policy? • What happened to the Philippines & Japan? • Who falls to Communism in 1949?

  27. Show Truman presidency episode #7: 8:20-end

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