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ETHNICITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS

ETHNICITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS. ETHNICITY AND M.I. 1. RATES 2. EXPRESSIONS 3. RESPONSES. FAMILY SUPPORT. MANY ETHNIC GROUPS, ESPECIALLY NEW IMMIGRANTS GREATER SENSE OF FAMILY OBLIGATION LESS ADEQUATE PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT. SUMMARY. MUCH CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION FOR MOST M.I.

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ETHNICITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS

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  1. ETHNICITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS

  2. ETHNICITY AND M.I. • 1. RATES • 2. EXPRESSIONS • 3. RESPONSES

  3. FAMILY SUPPORT • MANY ETHNIC GROUPS, ESPECIALLY NEW IMMIGRANTS • GREATER SENSE OF FAMILY OBLIGATION • LESS ADEQUATE PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT

  4. SUMMARY • MUCH CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION FOR MOST M.I. • FEW CONCLUSIONS FOR RATES IN US • ETHNIC CULTURES AFFECT WAY PEOPLE EXPRESS DISORDERS • ETHNIC CULTURES AFFECT DEFINITIONS, FAMILY RESPONSE, AND PROFESSIONAL HELP-SEEKING

  5. IMPLICATIONS • PROFESSIONALS SHOULD BE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE • ETHNIC-SENSITIVE PROGRAMS TEND TO WORK BETTER • PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT NOW WITH HIGH RATES OF IMMIGRATION

  6. GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS

  7. RECENT CHANGES • MAJOR TOPIC OVER LAST 15 YEARS • VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES • 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK • 60% OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19% IN 1960) • 7% OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE WORKING FATHER AND HOUSEWIVE

  8. QUESTIONS • HOW ARE THESE SOCIAL CHANGES RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH? • DO WOMEN OR MEN HAVE MORE MENTAL ILLNESS? • DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.? • HOW IS GENDER RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS?

  9. GENDER • BOTH BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON GENDER AS CONSTANT PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS • BIOLOGY - PHYSIOLOGY, HORMONES, REPRODUCTION, ETC. • PSYCHOLOGY - DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS

  10. SOCIOLOGICAL • DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF ROLES NOT PSYCHOLOGY OR BIOLOGY • POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE ROLES • OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES

  11. SOCIAL ROLES • WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS • MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS • MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME DISTRESS

  12. CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS • NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN ROLES • E.G. JOBS, CHORES, CAREGIVING • UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE • POWERFUL MAN VS. WOMAN • DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES + EXPECTATIONS

  13. SOCIAL ROLES (GOVE) • RATES OF M.I. HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC NOT UNIVERSAL - CHANGE OVER TIME AS ROLES CHANGE • BEFORE WWII - WOMEN’S ROLES VALUED • RELATIVELY EQUAL RATES OF M.I. • AFTER WWII - HOUSEWIVE ROLE

  14. AFTER WWII • WOMEN’S ROLES MORE STRESSFUL THAN MEN’S • HOUSEWIVE ROLE IS FRUSTRATING, UNDEMANDING, UNREWARDED • WORKING WOMEN FACE ROLE OVERLOAD AND DISCRIMINATION • UNCLEAR EXPECTATIONS

  15. PREDICTIONS • MARRIED WOMEN HAVE MORE DISTRESS THAN MARRIED MEN • SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL

  16. MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS • SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL • MARRIED MEN < MARRIED WOMEN • IMPORTANCE OF ROLES

  17. DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE • HOUSEWIVES > DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN • WORKING WOMEN > WORKING MEN • ROLE OVERLOAD • UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

  18. ROLES ARE IMPORTANT • SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE • MALE ROLESHAVE LESS DISTRESS - EMPLOYMENT, RESOURCES, LESS OVERLOAD • FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS - NO JOBS, LOWER EARNINGS, MORE OVERLOAD

  19. CHANGES OVER TIME • 1960’S - HUSBANDS WITH WORKING WIVES HAVE MORE DISTRESS • NO LONGER TRUE • 1990’S - HUSBANDS WITH WIVES EARNING MORE THAN THEY DO HAVE MORE DISTRESS (NOW TRUE IN 1/3 OF FAMILIES)

  20. CHANGES OVER TIME • RATES GOING UP • WOMEN > MEN • DIFFERENCES SMALLER NOW • BECAUSE MEN RISING MORE RAPIDLY

  21. LIMITS OF SOCIAL ROLE THEORY • VERY OVERSIMPLIFIED • HARD TO EXPLAIN MEN’S DISTRESS • STUDIES BIASED BECAUSE ONLY USE FEMALE TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS – USUALLY DISTRESS/DEPRESSION

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