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The Reformation

The Reformation. SOL WHII.3. Causes of The Reformation Ch. 1 Sec. 3. Ren. Emphasized secular & individual ideas which challenged the Church’s authority Began in Germany then spread onto Europe. Gutenberg Printing Press spread these ideas!

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation SOL WHII.3

  2. Causes of The Reformation Ch. 1 Sec. 3 • Ren. Emphasized secular & individual ideas which challenged the Church’s authority • Began in Germany then spread onto Europe • Gutenberg Printing Press spread these ideas! • Rulers resented the Pope’s authority (too much involvement in politics) • Merchants resented paying church taxes to

  3. Problems in the Catholic Church: • Corrupt church leaders • Ren. Popes patronized the arts, spent lots of $ on personal pleasures (secular popes!)—lavish lifestyle • Monks & Priests poorly educated, broke vows w/marriage & gambling, excess drinking • Loss of faith in the Church (during the plague)

  4. Problems in the Catholic Church: (cont.) • Increased fees for religious services (marriages/baptisms) • Sold indulgences—bought a pardon for sins • German and English nobility disliked Italian domination • Wealthy merchants challenged the Church’s view of usury

  5. The Reformation • John Wycliffe • Called for Reform in England in the late 1300s & early 1400s • Dissenter

  6. The Reformation • John Huss • Called for Reform in Bohemia • Said: Pope didn’t have worldly powers • Bible had more authority than the church leaders • Dissenter

  7. The Reformation • Indulgence • Released a sinner from performing sin penalties • Tetzel gave people impression they could $ their way into heaven • He was selling them to rebuild the church

  8. Martin Luther • Outraged over sale of indulgences • Monk who taught scripture • Began the Reformation • Wrote the 95 Theses or formal statements attacking the “pardon-merchants” • Posted, Printed & spread all over Germany

  9. Reformation-a movement for religious reform • Luther’s 3 main ideas! • People could win salvation only by faith • All church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible • All people equal: can interpret the Bible

  10. Martin Luther’s Basic Principles: • Indulgences are not in the Bible • Bible was the only source of Religious truth • Christians saved through faith • Rejected the idea that clergy had special powers • Religious education for boys and girls • Banned confessions; prayers to saints • Abolished the Mass; focused on sermon • Banned 5 of 7 sacraments b/c not mentioned in the Bible (religious rituals) • Renounced the authority of the Pope

  11. The Reformation • What happened to him? • Excommunicated b/c he wouldn’t take back his statements

  12. The Reformation • Edict of Worms: • Issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles • Declared Luther an outlaw & a heretic, no one was to aide him, burn his books • A Prince gave him shelter while he translated the New Testament into German

  13. The Reformation • Lutherans • Luther & his followers became a separate religious group

  14. The Reformation • Protestants • German Princes who supported Luther & signed a protest against the anti-Luther Princes • Christians who belonged to non-Catholic Churches

  15. The Reformation • Conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (one example would be the Thirty Years’ War) • The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church

  16. The Reformation • Peace of Augsburg • Signed in 1555, religious settlement stating: • Each German state’s religion would be set by its ruler • N. Germ=Lutheran • S. Germ=Catholic

  17. England becomes Protestant! • Henry VIII • Catholic King of England, wife Catherine of Aragon, daughter Mary • Wanted an annulment • Pope refused

  18. The Reformation • Reformation Parliament • Set laws to end the Pope’s power in England

  19. The Reformation • Anne Boleyn • Married Henry VIII in 1533 • Parliament annulled/divorced Henry & Catherine • Imprisoned by Henry & beheaded

  20. The Reformation • Act of Supremacy • Made the English King, not the Pope the official head of England’s Church

  21. The Reformation • Henry VIII then marries Jane Seymour-his heir is born—Edward; Jane dies as a result of child birth • Henry VIII then marries Anne of Cleves (German) they divorce (she was too ugly) • Wife #5-Catherine Howard (17 yrs old) Beheaded • Wife #6-Catherine Parr—survived Henry!

  22. The Reformation • Queen Elizabeth I • Set up a national church-the only legal church • Parliament declared her head of the Anglican Church

  23. The Reformation Continues: Ch. 1 Sec. 4 • John Calvin • Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion: his ideas about God, salvation, & human nature • French Priest; Lawyer

  24. The Reformation • Calvinism • John Calvin asked to set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland • Moral society, extremely strict • Men were sinful by nature; Salvation through faith • Bible only source of truth • God chooses few people to save • Predestination • Religion education for Boys and girls

  25. The Reformation • Theocracy • Calvin: Ideal gov’t • Gov’t controlled by religious leaders • Calvin ruled Geneva, Switzerland strictly

  26. The Reformation • Presbyterians • John Knox, Scotland • Visited Geneva made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion

  27. The Reformation • Huguenots • French followers of Calvin • Hatred btwn Catholics & Huguenots

  28. The Reformation • Anabaptists • Had to be old enough to decide to be baptized; rejected infant baptism • Separation of church & state • Refused to fight in wars • Shared their possessions (Mennonites & Amish) • Influenced Quakers & Baptists

  29. The Catholic Reformation-Reforming the Catholic Church • Ignatius • Catholic reformer; Loyola, Spain • Wrote Spiritual Exercises • Day-by-day plan for prayer & meditation

  30. The Catholic ReformationThe Counter Reformation • Jesuits • Revive the moral authority of the church • Society of Jesus • Ignatius’ followers • Goals: • Clean up the Catholic Church • Slow/stop Protestant movement

  31. Catholic Reformation cont. • Council of Trent—1545 • Guided the Catholic Reform movement • Challenged Protestant preaching

  32. Catholic Reformation cont. • Inquisition—search for heretics (church court) • Missionaries—religious order-Society of Jesus—Jesuits—founded by Ignatius Loyola • Spiritual and moral discipline • Rigorous religious training • Absolute obedience to the church

  33. Reforming Popes Paul III 1. directed investigation of indulgence selling & other abuses in church 2. Approved Jesuit order 3. Inquisition: to find & punish heresy in papal territory 4. Meeting of Church leaders in Trent (Northern Italy)

  34. Failures of the Catholic Reformation • Catholic Reformation did reform, but Europe remained divided. • This period fostered a great deal of religious intolerance • Persecution: • Anabaptists • Witch Hunt • Jews-forced into ghettos (segregated communities) • Lands were taken, synagogues burned • Marked by a yellow badge in Germany when traveling outside of ghetto • Many left and went towards Poland

  35. Council of Trent 1545-1563 • Church’s interpretation of Bible is final! • Christians need faith, good works for salvation • The Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life • Indulgences were valid expression of faith (banned false selling)

  36. Legacy of the Reformation • Protestant Churches flourished • Religion no longer united Europe • Church power decreased as individual monarchs & states gained power • This paved the way for nation states b/c Reformers revolt was successful-laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief later in Western cultures

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