Chapter 31

1. Chapter 31 Part One Nicole Cabrera

2. The Watergate Break-In • June 1972: 5 men spied on the Democratic National Committee. • James McCord was the leader of the group. • Denied to be allied with the Nixon Administration. • Nixon wanted to be reelected. • Pentagon Papers were released, spoke about the Vietnam War. • Nixon spied on the Democrats and stopped the investigation of the Watergate Scandal. • He won the election of 1972.

3. Reshaping the Great Society • Nixon promised to bring peace and unison. • Focused on the efficiency of the Federal Bureaucracy. • Revenue Sharing: Federal Funds were shared. • The Supreme Court handled the desegregation decision from Johnson. • Whites hated the Supreme Court’s decision. • The nation wanted to be segregated. They weren’t ready to let go of the 60’s.

4. Nixonomics • Nixon was inefficient with expenses from Vietnam. • He stopped spending, raised interest, & slowed expansion. • Inflation and the recession began. • Nixonomics= Disaster • There was a 90 day federal freeze. • Reverse Economics fixed the recession quickly. • Production increased over 5%

5. Building a Republican Majority • Nixon’s big turn around was too late to win the 1972 elections. • To win, he needed to get the votes of ‘Middle Americans’ • He blamed the Democrats for society’s problems. • Democrats blamed Republicans for inflation and recession.

6. In Search of Détente • Nixon gave foreign policy top priority. • The thought the Cold War needed to be managed. • Détente = Relaxation of Tension. • Nixon established a liaison in Beijing. • Strategic Arms Liaison • Controlled the nuclear arms race and signified that Russia and the US would be in peaceful means.

7. Ending the Vietnam War • Nixon’s 3 Part Plan: • Withdrawing American Forces, Renewing Bombs, & Negotiations with Hanoi • The number of Soldier's fell drastically in 3 years. • There were air & ground strikes in Cambodia. • Guards invaded Cambodia. • Negotiations with Hanoi were successful. • Vietnam tried to make changes, the US raided Cambodia. • This led the the US ultimately surrendering.

8. The Crisis of Democracy • The break in at the Democratic National committee office came back to haunt Nixon • Bad for him in the long run

9. The election of 1972 • Irony of the Watergate break-in was that Nixon’s victory In the election was secured. • Senator George McGovern appeared as the democratic nominee • His anti Vietnam attitude was his downfall • Nixon won because it seemed like people did not want McGovern not because they liked Nixon

10. The Watergate SCANDAL • Despite the efforts of John Dean the Watergate Scandal began to unravel • Hunt and Liddy (Nixon’s aids) were convicted without implicating anyone else in the Nixon administration. • Nixon was forced to fire Dean because he wasn’t going to keep his mouth shut • Senate appointed committee to investigate

11. Continuing • Dean revealed the presidents part in the Scandal. • Tape recordings of the oval office eventually brought Nixon to his knees • Supreme court unanimously voted for the release of the tapes. • The House Judiciary Committee voted on three articles of impeachment

12. Continuing • Nixon’s resignation was the outcome of the Scandal. 8-9-74 • This episode revealed the strength’s and weaknesses of the American political system • Unlike other scandals this was not for money just for power. • Nixon just wanted to secure his place in the white house

13. Energy and the economy • Outbreak of war in the middle east threatened American way of life. • An energy crisis occurred

14. The October war • Egypt and Syria surprised attacked Israel.10-6-73 • Henry Kissinger ( secretary of state) thought Israel would crush their opponents like they did in the Six Day War of 1967 • This however just made tensions higher in the middle east because of the stolen land. • Henry used this war to shift America’s stance into a more neutral one.

15. Continuing • Nixon was going to approve budget to help Israel but they didn’t need it • Israel was winning so the U.S. intervened diplomatically • As a result OPEC stopped shipment of oil to Israel Netherlands and the U.S.

16. Continuing • People were worried. They lowered thermostats and rarely drove fast • The dilemma was settled in march of 1974. OPEC decided to ship out oil again. • This crisis showed how dependent U.S. was on other countries (mainly in the Persian Gulf)

17. The Oil Shocks • In the 1970’s OPEC continued to raise prices. From 3$ to 5$ 11.65$ • There was a horrible recession just like the great depression • Unemployment went to 9% • 1979 crude oil was 30$ a barrel • Gallon of oil was 1$

18. The search for an Energy policy • There was an energy crisis • America was running out of fossil fuels • Congress created Environmental Protection Agency to monitor industry

19. The great inflation • Vietnam war made a 63 billion deficit • Inflation was everywhere • Milk went from .28$ to .59$ a quart • Car prices jumped 72% • Efforts to slow the circulation of money were enacted

20. The shifting American economy • American industry began to lose position in the worlds markets • Our economy was declining • Europe and Japan were winning in steel production • Foreign fuel efficient cars were wanted more and more • Automobile unions lost workers

21. Continuing • But the baby boom made a demand for teachers and growth of social agencies • New unions now accepted more african-americans and more women better than the industrial unions • Computer and high-technology companies arose • Electronics manufacturers flourished on the west coast due to the major universities. • The patterns of the U.S. was of a nation in transition

22. Private Lives Public Issues

23. Changes in America Traditional Family Working Woman Gay People

24. The Changing American Family • Changing Norm in American Family • Married couple with children dropped by 30% in 1970 to 23.5% in 2000 • Divorce rate doubled • Half of marriages end divorce • Birthrate increase after baby boomers mature

25. Gains and Setbacks for Women • Women still discriminated • Significant break through in male dominated positions • Business Ownership

26. Women on the Move • Downside with the ERA • Fear from lower class female oriented work against the ERA • National Organization of Women (NOW) asked more time to ratified • Failed • Roe v. Wade victory

27. The Gay Liberation Movement Stonewall Riots mark Gay liberation “Come out of the Closet” 1974 Homosexuality no longer mental disorder AIDS Same sex marriage

28. Politics After Watergate

29. Ford Administration Gerald Ford first president not elected into office Pardons Nixon Watergate and Vietnam CIA open

30. The 1976 Campaign • Carter wins election • Major votes from blacks 90% • Jimmy Carter • Peanut Farmer • Aimed to restore hope

31. Disenchantment with Carter • No political philosophy • Problems • Tries to balance budget deals with deficit • Tries to save environment angers industries • Blames American People

32. Retreat in Asia • Congress cut the aid to Vietnam to $1.4 billion • Then a year later the North Vietnam had an offensive that took over the capital Saigon on that same day the Americans evacuated 150,000 loyal Vietnamese • Then The United States finally Admitted defeat in the longest War in our history • Less then a month later Cambodia seized a American ship and held it hostile.

33. Accommodation in Latin America • Jimmy carter signed a bill which gave the panama canal back to panama plus made us protect the panama canal • In El Salvador Jimmy carter tried to force democratic reforms by providing assistance but then insurgents launched an offensive and he authorized large scale military assistance.

34. The Quest for Peace in the Middle East • In 1977 Jimmy carter Met with the president of Egypt and Israel in Camp David to negotiate peace between the two governments • But he excluded the Palestine liberation Organization and the Soviet Union so the Soviet Union drove more radical middle eastern countries to there side.

35. The Quest for Peace in the Middle East • Then in 1978 the Shah were overthrown in Iran by the Iranian Revolution this made the shah leaders flee to the United States • This turned into the Iranian hostage crisis were 53 Americans were taken hostage and would not be released until the shah were back in Iran. • Carter tried a rescue attempt but it failed killing 8 americans.