General Dwight D . Eisenhower - top commander Sicily invasion.

1. New massive bombing against Germany caused a severe oil shortageanddestroyed railroad and aircraft in Germany. • As a result, when Allies land in France they will have total control of the air.

2. General Dwight D. Eisenhower- top commander Sicily invasion. • GeneralPattonand British General Montgomerywere in charge of ground forces. • By August 18, Germans had evacuated the island. Mussolini was placed under arrestby the king of Italy. • On September 8, 1943, the Italian government announcedItaly’s surrender. Ike Patton Monty

3. Mussolini, along with his mistress and a close aide, were executed by the new Italian government. Their bodies hung upside down in disgrace for the agony his regime had brought to the Italian people. Mussolini

4. Tehran The “Big Three-- Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill -- met in Tehran, Iran, to finalize the invasion through France.

5. Landing in France • Operation Overlord- code name for the Allied invasion of France. • GeneralEisenhowerwas chosen to command the invasion. • The Allies had the advantage of surprise – the Germans did not know when or where they would strike. General Dwight D. Eisenhower “Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the European Theatre of Operations”

6. The Germans were fooled into thinking the attack would occur in Calais, when in fact the invasion was planned to take place in Normandy. • The date for the invasion became known asD-Daybecause Eisenhower’s planning staff referred to the day of any invasion with the letter “D.”

7. The invasion of Normandy began shortly after midnight on June 6, 1944. • The Allied forces had little trouble taking Utah Beach and moving inland. • The American forces at Omaha Beach met intense German fire.

8. D-Day Allied forces storm the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944.

9. D-Day

10. D-Day The ultimate sacrifice........

11. One of several memorial cemeteries today on the beaches of Normandy

12. American commander General Omar Bradleyplanned an evacuation of Omaha Beach, but the American troops moved forward against the Germans. • The invasion was a success. General Omar Bradley

13. Driving the Japanese Back • American military leaders created a plan for a two- pronged attack against Japan. • Admiral Nimitzand the Pacific Fleet were to advance from island to island to get close to Japan (“island-hopping”). • General MacArthur’stroops would advance through the Solomon Islands and retake the Philippines. Nimitz MacArthur

14. Island-hopping

15. B-29 bombers began to bomb Japan. • General MacArthur’s troops began a campaign in the southwest Pacific with the invasion of Guadalcanalin August 1942.

16. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history and the first time the Japanese used kamikaze attacks.

17. Kamikaze pilots deliberately crashed their planes into American ships, killing themselves and causing severe damage to the ships.

18. The Third Reich Collapses • President Roosevelt and other Allied leaders promised to punish the Nazis after the war. • Roosevelt felt destroying the Nazi regime would put an end to the concentration camps

19. After the Allies liberated France from Nazi occupation, French citizens who had collaborated with the Nazis were punished in a variety of ways. This young French woman had her head shaved by her neighbors as punishment for having “relationships” with German soldiers.

20. Hitler tried one last offensive to cut off Allied supplies coming through Belgium. • The Battle of the Bulgebegan on December 16, 1944, catching American troops off guard.

21. The U.S. won the battle and Germans withdrew with little left to stop the Allies from entering Germany. • The Ludendorf Bridge across the Rhine River was still intact, allowing American troops to cross and force the German defenders back. • Adolf Hitler, realizing the end was near, killed himself. Time Magazine May 7, 1945

22. Americans push from the west, Russians push from the east....They meet in Berlin to celebrate the fall of the Nazis! GIs & Russians

23. Celebration of V-E(Victory in Europe) Day May 7, 1945 V-E Day

24. Japan is Defeated • President Roosevelt died a month before the defeat of Germany. Vice President Harry S Trumanbecame president. Harry S. Truman is sworn in on the day of FDR’s death.

25. FDR’s death FDR’s death struck the American people hard. He had been their president for 12 years ... through Depression and war.

26. The funeral train takes FDR’s body from Warm Springs, Ga, where he died, to Washington, D.C. The funeral procession

27. Although Germany surrendered a few weeks later, Truman needed to make many difficult decisions regarding the war as the battle with Japan intensified. • On November 24, 1944, American bombs fell on Tokyo, but missed their targets. Harry S. Truman When he learned of FDR’s death, Truman said he felt as if “the sun and stars had fallen on me.”

28. American military planners decided to invade the island of Iwo Jima; it was closer to Japan and would make the bombings more effective. • On February 19, 1945, 60,000 American Marines landed on Iwo Jima, and 6,800 were killed before the island was captured.

29. The U.S. flag-raising on Mount Suribachi

30. Japan’s six most important industrial cities were firebombed. • Japan refused to surrender. • American military planners chose to invade Okinawa, 350 miles from Japan, to stockpile supplies and build up troops.

31. On April 1, 1945, American troops landed on Okinawa. • On June 22, 1945, Okinawa was captured with more than 12,000 Americans losing their lives. • Japan would not surrender unconditionally because they wanted their emperor to remain in power.

32. The American program to build an atomic bomb was code-named theManhattan Project. • On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Los Alamos, New Mexico

33. Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project “Fat Man” (plutonium) Used at Nagasaki “Little Boy” (uranium) Used at Hiroshima

34. Truman felt it was his duty to use every weapon available to save American lives. • Allies threatened Japan with “utter destruction,” but received no response. • August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, an important Japanese industrial center. • Tens of thousands of people died instantly; thousands more died later from burns and radiation sickness.

35. Enola Gay The Enola Gay – carrying the most horrific weapon the world had ever seen.

36. Hiroshima The atomic bomb at Hiroshima

37. Hiroshima The aftermath at Hiroshima -- once a great Japanese industrial center.

38. On August 9, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. • That same day, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing between 35,000 and 74,000 people.

39. V-J Day Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 ….. V-J Day!!!

40. Thousands flood into Times Square in New York City to celebrate the Allies’ victory over Japan August 1945

41. Japanese surrender Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific Theater, signs Japan’s surrender.

42. Building a New World • To prevent another war, President Roosevelt wanted a new international organization. In 1944 delegates from 39 countries met to discuss the new organization that was to be called theUnited Nations (UN). • On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco to officially organize the United Nations and create its charter, or constitution.

43. The delegates decided to have a General Assembly, where each member nation would have one vote. • Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and the United States would be permanent members of the Security Councilveto power. UN Headquarters New York City UN Flag

44. In August 1945, the International Military Tribunal(IMT) was created by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union to punish German and Japanese leaders for their war crimes. • The IMT tried German leaderssuspected of committing warcrimes at the NuremburgTrials.

45. In Tokyo the IMT for the Far East tried leaders of wartime Japan suspected of committing war crimes. • The Japanese emperor was not indicted(Japan would not have surrendered without that agreement!). Tojo testifies at his war-crimes trial.

46. Deaths