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Digging Deeper Into Argumentation

Digging Deeper Into Argumentation. When constructing an argument, consider whether your statement requires justification. A statement that is a verifiable fact or a commonly accepted assumption or belief does not need justification. . Justification- the first step.

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Digging Deeper Into Argumentation

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  1. Digging Deeper Into Argumentation

  2. When constructing an argument, consider whether your statement requires justification. • A statement that is a verifiable fact or a commonly accepted assumption or belief does not need justification. Justification- the first step

  3. President JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963. • Children shouldn’t smoke. • The death penalty is just retribution for murders. • Only people between the ages of 18 and 75 should be able to receive a driver’s license. The Justification Test

  4. Any argument involves a claim supported by reasons and evidence. The Toulmin Model

  5. A claim is an arguable point. Apply the test of justification to your claim before including it in an argument. • One can make a claim about meaning- “What is dubstep?” • One can make a claim about policy- “Our federal government should strengthen anti-piracy laws.” • One can make a claim about consequences- “Because adversity affects many in a positive way, the challenges in one’s life can lead to an improved quality of life.” The Claim

  6. Look at one of the claims you made regarding Spencer or Walker’s essay. Or your argument surrounding their essays. Is Your Claim Justified?

  7. Knowing that the whole world does not agree with you, you must not make an absolute proposition. Seek common ground with your readers. Foster a degree of trust. Explain circumstances. • Sometimes, probably, usually, in most cases… Qualify

  8. Find the same claim you just tested for justification and now make sure it is qualified. Qualify one of your claims.

  9. The audience must be able to follow your train of thinking. This is where a warrant comes it. To justify your claim, you need to show some thought process, or analysis. Warrant

  10. “Sarah graduated from Camas High School, an excellent school, therefore she should do well in college.” Is this statement warranted?

  11. “Sarah graduated from Camas High School, an excellent school. She had great study habits. She had a 3.9 GPA and was ranked top 10 in her class and took upper level classes. She should do well in college.” How about this one?

  12. A warrant shows analysis. • A warrant IS NOT always evidence. Be Careful!

  13. Typical and representative • Relevant • Specific and detailed • Sufficient • Ethos, pathos, logos Evidence

  14. Add appropriate and VARIED evidence. Look at your Walker/Spencer argument:

  15. Without tone and voice, you are a robotic product of public education. Tone and Voice

  16. Describe your intended tone. • Do you intend to shift tones? If so, where and why? Your Walker/Spencer Essay

  17. Diction and syntax • Rhetorical devices- we’re not learning them for nothing! Pick TWO to use in your essay. Voice

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