1 / 24

Biotechnology

Biotechnology. Chapter 13. I. Selective Breeding. Desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to future generations. German shepherd Service dog. Husky Sled dog. Saint Bernard Rescue dog. II. Genetic Engineering. Technology

skylar
Download Presentation

Biotechnology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biotechnology Chapter 13

  2. I. Selective Breeding • Desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to future generations German shepherd Service dog Husky Sled dog Saint Bernard Rescue dog

  3. II. Genetic Engineering • Technology • Involves manipulating DNA of one organism to insert DNA of another organism • Exogenous DNA

  4. II. Genetic Engineering cont. • Genetically engineered organisms are used • Study the expression of a particular gene • Investigate cellular processes • Study the development of a certain disease • Select traits that might be beneficial to humans

  5. III. DNA Tools • Organism’s genome • Total DNA in the nucleus of each cell • DNA tools • Manipulate DNA • Isolate genes from the remaining genome • Types of DNA tools • Restriction enzymes (RE) – Endonucleases • Recombinant DNA • Gel Electrophoresis • Gene sequencing • PCR

  6. IV. Restriction Enzymes • Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) • Recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences • Cleave (cut) DNA within a sequence • Scientists use restriction enzymes • Isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.

  7. IV. Restriction enzymes cont. • Example of restriction enzymes (endonucleases) • EcoRIspecifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC • Ends of DNA fragments (sticky ends) • Contain single- stranded complementary DNA

  8. I. Making Recombinant DNA • Cut DNA using restriction enzyme • Cut bacteria plasmid using same restriction enzyme • Insert plasmid with desired gene into bacteria • Transformation • Clone the bacteria cell • Isolation • Kill off unwanted bacteria (use antibiotics) • Bacteria without desired gene

  9. II. Recombinant DNA • Newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources • Use plasmid from bacteria • Isolate genomic DNA

  10. III. Make large quantities • Bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA • Bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA • Called transformation

  11. IV. Cloning • Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, are produced

  12. I. Gel Electrophoresis • Anelectric current used to separate DNA fragments • Based on size of fragments • Electric current forces DNA fragments to move toward the positive end of gel • Smaller fragments move farther & faster than the larger ones

  13. Picture of Setup

  14. II. Setup/ Equipment • Power supply • Has positive and negative sides • + molecules go towards – side • - molecules go towards + side • Agarose Gel • Highly purified and uniformly sized slide molecules made from seaweed • Buffer • Salt water • Lets electric current run through gels • Wells • Place where sample is added to the gel • Micropipette • Used to load sample into gels

  15. III. Loading a Gel • Use micropipette • Measures in millionths of liters (microliters) • Samples • In microfuge tubes

  16. Gel electrophoresis IV. Reading a Gel • Unique pattern can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification • Based on fragment size

  17. V. DNA Fingerprinting • Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals • Noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual • Separating noncoding DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns unique to every individual

  18. I. DNA Sequencing • Mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.

  19. I. DNA Sequencing cont. B. Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye C. Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide is incorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops

  20. I. DNA Sequencing cont. D. Sequencing reaction is complete when tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis

  21. II. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • Used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.

  22. I. Transgenic Animals • Scientists produce mostly for biological research • Genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism • Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditiselegans

  23. II. Transgenic Plants • Genetically engineered cotton • Resists insect infestation of the bolls • Sweet-potato plants • Resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest • Rice plants • Increased iron and vitamins that could decrease malnutrition

More Related