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Beach Pollution Source Identification Field Cases: Racine, WI

Beach Pollution Source Identification Field Cases: Racine, WI. Julie Kinzelman, City of Racine Beach Management Workshop April 14 – 15, 2005, Egg Harbor, WI. Potential Pollution Sources. Indirect or Non-Point Source Run-off (Urban, Agricultural, Industrial, Landscape) Boaters Bathers

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Beach Pollution Source Identification Field Cases: Racine, WI

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  1. Beach Pollution Source Identification Field Cases:Racine, WI Julie Kinzelman, City of Racine Beach Management Workshop April 14 – 15, 2005, Egg Harbor, WI

  2. Potential Pollution Sources • Indirect or Non-Point Source • Run-off (Urban, Agricultural, Industrial, Landscape) • Boaters • Bathers • Algae • Sediments • Direct or Point Source • CSO, SSO • Storm Water Discharge/Storm Water Outfalls • Rivers and Creeks

  3. Spatial Distribution Studies • Identify Direct and Indirect Pollution Sources • Determine Relative Contribution of Bacterial Indicators • Aid in Targeting Remediation Efforts

  4. * Number of advisory days per season/Per cent of season

  5. Indirect or Non-Point Source Runoff

  6. Impervious surface run-off may impact surface waters. Impervious Surface Runoff

  7. Pre-Rainfall

  8. Post-Rainfall

  9. Landscape Runoff

  10. E. coli = 479 MPN/100 mL (E1) E. coli = 184 MPN/100 mL (N) E. coli = 184 MPN/100 mL (E2) Runoff can also impact groundwater

  11. Indirect or Non-Point Source Onboard Boater Waste

  12. BOATERS • 1305 boat slips (63% occupied in 2003) • Over 8000 gallons of waste pumped directly into sewer system

  13. Indirect or Non-Point Source Bathers

  14. Bather Shedding • On average you have 0.14 grams of feces “with you” at all times • When you are ill your feces contains millions of germs that can be rinsed off while swimming • Swimming is a shared experience!

  15. Indirect or Non-Point Source Algae (Cladophora)

  16. Algae (Cladophora) • Algae contains bacterial indicators (maybe pathogens) • Bacteria may be transient or persistent • If indicators are persistent in algae they may contribute to bacterial burden

  17. 2004 Algae Study

  18. Indirect or Non-Point Source Sediments

  19. Fecal Contamination • Everybody poops! • Gull feces contains ~3.4 million E. coli per gram (pathogens?) • Dog feces can contain extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli which can be acquired by humans (Johnson et al 2001) • E. coli may persist in beach sands

  20. E. coli has a significant presence in beach sands

  21. Highest levels of E. coli were found in the area between the lifeguard between the berm crest and lifeguard stand • E. coli content in beach sands may be influenced by the moisture content

  22. Direct or Point Source CSOs and SSOs

  23. Racine has separate storm and sanitary sewers Breakdowns or aging infrastructure could cause infiltration of untreated sewage into storm sewer system

  24. Direct or Point Source Storm Water Discharge

  25. English St. storm water outlet

  26. What goes in must come out…

  27. Not only bacteria but chemicals and nutrients. . .

  28. Direct or Point Source Rivers and Creeks

  29. Root River – Racine, WI

  30. Racine has 7 monitoring stations

  31. The English Street outfall is alocal source Regional Influences Root River Discharge Probable sources of E. coli

  32. Spatial DistributionStudy2004

  33. Definitive Source Identification Bacterial Source Tracking

  34. Bacterial Source Tracking • Test choice depends on level of discrimination • Screening tools can distinguish between human and non-human sources • More complex tests can discriminate between host source, i.e. human, gull, dog, cow, etc. • What question are you really trying to answer?

  35. Bacterial Source Tracking (BST) • Organisms - E. coli, Enterococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium • Library Dependent or Library Independent

  36. Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA)

  37. ARA as Rapid Screening Tool Suscept. Resist.

  38. Preparing samples for ARA – Racine, WI

  39. What question are you trying to answer? • For storm water it may be enough to know if it is human or non-human • For runoff in rural areas you may want a more discriminatory test (septic discharge or agricultural runoff) • In mixed sources it may be better to screen first and then discriminate • Is cost an issue?

  40. Sources Identified in Racine, WI • Local influences are predominant • Beach sands and storm water discharge • Some potential for riverine influences under right conditions • Regional influences unlikely • E. coli in beach sands likely due to gulls • Storm water may have mixed human and non-human sources – too early to tell

  41. Source Identification Leads to Remediation

  42. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • WI DNR • WI DHFS • University of Surrey, RCPEH • Root-Pike Watershed Initiative Network • USGS • UW-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences • S.C. Johnson, A Family Company • City of Racine Dept. of Public Works • City of Racine Parks & Recreation Dept. • City of Racine Health Dept. Laboratory

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