Adverbial Clauses

1. Adverbial Clauses

2. 1.Adverbial Clauses of Time: • When translated into Chinese, English adverbial clauses of time usually stand at the beginning of the sentences. Sometimes, they may also be translated by using such a Chinese pattern as "一...就". • 1. Please turn off the light when you leave the room. • 离屋时请关灯。 • 2. He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it. • 他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。

3. Translating into Chinese compound sentences of parallel structure • 1.She sang as she prepared the experiment. • 她一边唱着歌，一边准备实验。 • 2. I was about to speak, when Mr. Smith cut in. • 我正想讲，史密斯先生就插嘴了。

4. Translating into Chinese adverbial clauses of condition • 1. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. • 如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。 • 2. A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it. • 若无外力的作用，静止的物体则不会移动。

5. 2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason • Chinese adverbial clauses of reason usually begin with “因”，“由于”， and so on. • 1. The crops failed because the season was dry. • 因为气候干燥，作物歉收。 • 2. As the moon's gravity is only about 1/6 the gravity of the earth, a 200-pound man weights only 33 pounds on the moon. • 由于月球的引力只有地球引力的六分之一，所以一个体重200磅的人在月球上仅重33磅。

6. Translating into Chinese principal clauses • In this case, the original principal clause is changed into a subordinate clause. • 1. Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. • 他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。 • 2. Pure iron is not used in industry because is too soft. • 纯铁太软，所以不用在工业上。

7. not...because • Pay attention to “not …because” sentences. • They can be general structure and also special structure. When they are special structure, it is usually translated into “不是因为……才“

8. Example • They did not come to the hospital because they wanted to see me. • 他们没有到医院来，因为他们想来看我。??? • It is a special structure. “not” is to modify the subordinate adverbial clause. When put it to the original place ,we can translate it correctly. • 他们到医院来，不是因为要看我（而是为了其他原因）。

9. One more example • The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished. • 摩托车停止转动，不是因为燃料用完。（而是因为其它毛病） • But we can’t treat all the “not‥because” sentences as special structure. • E.g. He did not come to the studio this morning because he was sick. • 他今早来片场并不是因为他生病（而是为了其他的原因）??? • 今早他没有来片场，因为他病了。

10. logic (the most common method） • context • Language sense • dictionaries

11. 3.Adverbial Clauses of Condition • Translating into Chinese adverbial clauses of  condition orclauses of supposition • 1. If something has the ability to adjust itself to the environment, we say it has intelligence. • 如果某物具有适应环境的能力，我们就是它具有智力。 • 2. Should there be urgent situation, press the red button to switch off the electricity. • 万一有紧急情况，请按红色按钮以切断电源。

12. Translating into Chinese supplementary clauses • 1. You can drive tonight if you are ready. • 你今晚就可以出车，如果你准备好的话。 • 2. Any body above the earth will fall unless it is supported by an upward force equal to its weight. • 地球上的任何物体都会落下来，除非它受到一个大小与其重量相等的力的支持。

13. Adverbial clauses of Concession • Adverbial clauses of concession can be recognized by these subordinatingconjunctions：though（虽然），although（虽然），even if（即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact that（不管）and so on. 翻译的时候，通常把这些让步状语从句翻译在主句前面。

14. No matterwhat I sayor how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong. 不管我说什么，也不管我怎么说，他说是认为我错了。 While we can not see the air, we can feel it. 我们虽然看不见空气，但却能感觉到它。 Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others. 即使你不喜欢这个建议，你也不应该没有同别人商量就 把它否决了。

15. Adverbial clauses of purpose • Adverbial clauses of purpose can be recognized by these subordinatingconjunctions：that（为了，以便），so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）and so on.

16. （一）一般翻译在主句前面 一般来说，这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常 放在主句前面翻译。 • He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her. • 为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。 • We should start early so thatwe might • get there before noon. 为了正午以前赶到那里，我们很早就动身了。

17. (二)还可以翻译在主句后面 • 表示“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。 • He emphasized it again and again,lestshe should forget. • 他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。 • They hid themselves behind some bushed • for fear thatthe enemy should find them. • 他们躲在树丛后面，以防被敌人发现。

18. Adverbial Clauses of Result • Adverbial clauses of result can be recognized by these subordinatingconjunctions：so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree and so on，通常可以翻译为“结果，如此...以致于...”，可以直接翻译。

19. He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. 他做了错误的决定，结果浪费了自己半生的时间 • The difference is such that all will perceive it. • 差别这么大，所有的人都看得出来。 • （可以省略连接词而不翻译）

20. （二）有时候，如果在主句中含有“never, never so, not so, not such”等privative否定词，“but that和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句，构成double negative双重否定。翻译的时候，可以翻译为“没有...不”。 • She nevercomes but she borrows. 她不借东西不来。即：他如果不借东西就不来。 • She is not so old but that she can read. 他并没有老到不能读书。

21. Thank you! Know something of everything and everything of something.