Engineering the Challenges of Energy and Water Ken Rainwater, Director

1. Engineering the Challenges of Energy and Water Ken Rainwater, Director TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Water Resources Center

2. Connection of Water and Energy • When we move or purify water, we need energy • Pumps, treatment plants • Water is required for our energy needs • Fossil fuel exploration and production • Oil, natural gas, coal • Steam-turbine-based power plants • Fossil fuel, nuclear • Hydropower

3. Water Quantity • Water Supply • Municipal • Conservation, drought management, new sources • Canadian River Municipal Water Authority’s conjunctive use of surface and groundwater • Urban irrigation management • Water distribution systems • Groundwater well field management • Regional water planning • Development of new groundwater sources • Rural communities with source water quality problems

4. Water Quantity • Water Supply • Industrial and Other Consumers • Conservation, recycling/reuse • Cooling water for power plants, petroleum refineries • Reuse of wastewaters or treated effluents • Hydraulic fracturing demands • Biofuels production • Long-term space flight

5. Water Quantity • Water Sources • Surface water • Rivers, lakes, reservoirs • Rainfall/runoff processes • Stormwater collection, use • Flood/drought cycles – firm yield for water/hydropower • Watershed management with brush control • Groundwater • Aquifer characterization • Recharge estimates • Safe yield planning

6. Water Quality • Natural Waters • Ecological and human impacts • Salinity • Hardness • Trace metals • Organics • Suspended solids • Dissolved oxygen • Added chemicals from human activities

7. Water Quality • Water Treatment • For human consumption or other uses • Conventional surface water • Disinfection and remove suspended solids • Conventional groundwater • Disinfection, remove dissolved gases • Advanced treatment • Remove dissolved solids • Softening, As, F, Se, others • Membranes, sorbents, chemical additions • Current problem for many rural communities

8. Water Quality • Wastewater Treatment • Reduce impact of human and industrial wastes • Conventional treatment • Primary (solids) and secondary (organics) treatment • Advanced treatment • Remove nutrients, further reduce suspended solids • Industrial waste treatment • No discharge to environment • Recover/remove industrial chemicals • Reuse or recycle treated effluents • CRMWD project in Big Spring for direct potable reuse

9. Water Quality • Remediation of Contaminated Sites • Fuel production and storage, industrial facilities, defense sites • Concentrated metals, organics, salts • Reduce risk of exposure to human workers, residents, ecologically important species • Various methods • Characterization of contaminant distributions, fate, transport • Risk assessment • Remove and dispose • Treat in place

10. Hydrologic Climatic Impacts • Regional Down-scaling of GCM Projections • Advise regional water planners about future trends • Recommend most appropriate scenarios • Estimate impacts on agricultural and municipal water supplies and demands • Watershed Management • Water yield enhancement by brush control • Hydrologic principles for treatment priorities • Ecological-hydrologic modeling

11. Renewable Energy + Water Needs • Alternative Energy for Water Treatment • USBR Wind-Water Project • Identified 39 cities needing advanced treatment • Economic study for Seminole, Texas • US DOE Wind-Water Demonstration Project • Rural city looks to deep, brackish water supply • Locally owned wind turbines can lower costs

12. Petroleum Production Needs • Conventional and Unconventional • Typical water sources • On-site, local landowner • Commercial water suppliers • Produced waters • Water conservation practices • Minimize use of potable, fresh groundwater • Treatment and reuse of blowback waters • Identify alternative water sources • Naturally occurring brackish water • Municipal treated wastewater effluent • Economic evaluations

13. Collaborations Across Campus • Facilitating Interactions • Water Resources Center • College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Water Center • Center for Water Law and Policy • The Institute for Environmental and Human Health • Llano River Field Station • Wind Science and Engineering Center • Climate Science Center • Research Partners/Sponsors • Federal • EPA, USDA, DOD, DOE, USGS, NSF • State • TCEQ, TWDB, TSSWCB, TWRI, TDA, SECO