How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns?

1. How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns? As species of the same genus have usually, though by no means invariably, some similarity in habitats and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus, when they come into competition with each other, than between species of distinct genera. Charles Darwin(1959) The Origin of species by mean of natural selection. London.

2. Increase in marine diversity (number of families)

3. How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns? Species assemblage rules Biotic interactions Biogeography Niche History Community structure Chance processes Life histrory traits Phenology Phylogenetic constraints Character evolution

4. Imact of evolutionaryhistory Does evolutionary history influence today’s ecological patterns? Large scale Small scale Impact of speciesinteractions Does evolutionary history influence ecological patterns at the local scale? • Abundances • Extinction risk • Species co-occurrences • Species composition • biogeographic distribution

5. Species assembly and evolutionary history Evolution Evolution Species traits Adaptations Species traits Adaptations S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Region1 Region2 Region3 Region1 Region2 Region3 Community assembly with conserved adaptational traits Community assembly with competitive effects Overdispersed pattern Clustered (underdispersed) pattern The model assumes that ecologically plasticity is at least to a certain amount limited

6. Phylogeny and local and regional abundances Older (basal) lineage Younger (derived) lineages • Abundance and clade (lineage) age • Patterns of species co-occurrence • Extinction risk and clade age • Evolutionary speed and clade age To study these patterns we need well established phylogenetic trees

7. 1 5 Families found in the forest 0.8 4 0.6 Fraction of singletons 3 0.4 Mean density per species 2 0.2 1 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 Number of species 1 10 100 1000 10000 Number of species 5 1 All European families 4 0.8 3 0.6 Fraction of abundant species Mean density per species 0.4 2 0.2 1 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Number of species Number of species Taxon species richness and local abundances The case of Hymenoptera Continental taxon species richness of Hymenoptera is correlated to mean local abundances Species rich hymenopteran taxa contain more locally rare and fewer locally abundant species

8. 100 90 80 70 60 Fraction of rare species 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of species in a flora Does taxon size and phylogenetic history determine susceptability to extinction? In vascular plants frequencies of rare species seem to be correlated to taxon sizes.

9. 60 50 40 Number of genera 30 20 0.77 y = 1.78x 10 2 R = 0.94 0 0 20 40 60 80 Number of species in a flora 35 30 25 20 Number of families 15 10 0.61 y = 1.9x 5 2 R = 0.70 0 0 20 40 60 80 Number of species in a flora Numbers of families and species scale allometrically to floral species richness • Species richer sites contain relatively less higher taxa. • Species richer sites have higher S/G ratios • Species richer sites contain higher proportions of ecologically similar species(environmental filtering)

10. Today’s reading Community assembly: www.cbs.umn.edu/cavender/Reading_List/Ackerly03IJPS_2003.pdf Phylogeny and community ecology: www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2002/121_Webb_AnnRevEcolSyst02.pdf