Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations

1. Section 1a THE SKELETON Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations AND IT’S FUNCTIONS

2. The skeleton gives the body SHAPE and FORM Some of the fixed joints in the skull can be clearly seen. Here ligaments are holding the bones together at the knee. 1. The Framework of the Body The skeleton consists of 206 bones, which, when joined together create the internal framework and support for your body Where two or more bones come together they form a JOINT. Some joints are formed by the bones fusing together to create fixed or immoveable joints, (e.g. the skull), while others are held together by LIGAMENTS and create moveable joints, (e.g. the knee). Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations

3. The brain is protected by the eight bones surrounding it, called the cranium and which is part of the skull. The rib cage and sternum surround vital organs like the heart and lungs. The vertebral column protects our spinal cord, which relays messages from the brain to the body. 2. Protection In addition to being the internal framework of the body the skeleton also provides PROTECTION for vital organs in the body. Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations

4. Humerus Triceps Muscle Biceps Muscle Biceps Tendon Triceps Tendon Ulna Radius The bones of the right arm at the elbow joint 3. Muscle Attachment The skeleton has moveable joints but it cannot move on its own. It is the muscles in our body which bring about movement. Bones have muscles attached to them by TENDONS. Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations Q: Can you identify the three bones above? Q: Can you name the two muscles shown? Q: How are the muscles attached to the bones?

5. Red Blood Cells They carry oxygen to the tissues in the body White Blood Cells They help fight infections and aid our immune system Platelets They help blood clotting 4. Formation of Blood Cells Bones are not completely solid inside. They would be too heavy for us to carry around if they were. The final function of the skeleton is to create BLOOD CELLS. This is done in the red bone marrow. Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations

6. Cartilage Finally, our muscles help hold the body in position giving it shape and form, but when they move the body, bone would rub directly against bone, effectively grinding it away. Bones have an added protection against this. It is called CARTILAGE. Cartilage is a soft spongy material that covers the end of bones. In our knees we have two types of cartilage; one acting as a shock absorber between the bones, (Meniscus), the other, a very smooth covering over the ends of the bones, with very low friction (Articular Cartilage). Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations

7. You have now completed Section 1a - ‘The Skeleton and Its Functions’ You should now move onto Section 1b – ‘The Joints of the Skeleton’ Created for Physical Education in Glasgow Secondary Schools by I.J.Brown – Saint Roch’s Sec. School E.Gordon – Kings Park Sec. School C.McGourty – Holyrood Sec. School Physical Education in Glasgow Standard Grade Presentations