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Models of memory

Models of memory. How is information processed?. Memory as information processing. Incoming Sensory I N F O R M A T I O N. Encoding. Storage. Retrieval. Information is converted for storage. Information is retained in memory. Information is recovered from memory when needed.

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Models of memory

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  1. Models of memory How is information processed?

  2. Memory as information processing Incoming Sensory I N F O R M A T I O N Encoding Storage Retrieval Information is converted for storage Information is retained in memory Information is recovered from memory when needed

  3. MEMORY THEORIES • 1/ Atkinson and Shiffrin multi-store model of memory • 2/ Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s model of working memory • 3/ Craik and Lockharts levels of processing model

  4. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

  5. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory • Structural features – permanent built in features of memory that do not change • Eg. Three levels of memory each with specific capacity and duration • Control processes – selected by the individual may vary across situations • Eg. Attention, rehearsal, retrieval

  6. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memorySensory Memory • The entry area of memory, all stimuli which bombard our senses are retained in their original form for a very brief time in memory sub systems called sensory registers • Two types: ICONIC AND ECHOIC

  7. ICONIC MEMORY ATKINSON AND SHFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY

  8. ECHOIC MEMORY ATKINSON AND SHFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY

  9. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memoryShort Term Memory • A temporary ‘working memory’ where we manipulate information or hold it to perform everyday functions • Receives inputs from sensory register; retrieves information from long-term memory

  10. Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memoryShort Term Memory ATKINSON AND SHFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY

  11. Displacement Information is lost from STM through decay (fading) or displacement (being pushed out by new)

  12. Improving STM capacity • Chunking: The grouping or packing of bits of information into larger bits or units that can be remembered as single units • Chunking increases capacity STM. • Capacity of STM is still 7, but now its 7 bits or chunks of information

  13. CHUNKING EXERCISEdigit span testTRIAL 1

  14. 1/ SWA

  15. 2/ PGU DGO

  16. 3/ MDU NTU ASP

  17. 4/ UTH MBA ECX AZL

  18. 5/ QWE RTI TIO APS IFG

  19. 6/ HJI EZX CVA EMQ OWR UBV

  20. 7/ AXZ VUT OPT UHB TCI ODX ESZ

  21. 8/ PLA OJN IJN EHB OGV IFC EDR ZSE

  22. 9/ OBL EDT NWA OGR EVS CKI EQG IMK ULV

  23. CHUNKING EXERCISETRIAL 2

  24. 1/ SAW

  25. 2/ PUG DOG

  26. 3/ MUD NUT SAP

  27. 4/ TUH MAB CEX ZAL

  28. 5/ QEW RIT ITO PAS FIG

  29. 6/ HIJ ZEX CAV MEQ WOR BUV

  30. 7/ XAZ VUT POT HUB TIC DOX SEZ

  31. 8/ PAL JON JIN HEB GOV FIC DER ZES

  32. 9/ BOL DET WAN GOR VES CIK QEG KIM LUV

  33. Improving STM Duration • Maintenance rehearsal: Involves simple, rote repetition of information. • Elaborative rehearsal: Involves the process of linking new information in a meaningful way with information already stored in long term memory. Uses the Self reference effect : Involves making new information personal and meaningful to you. Transferring information to ltm

  34. Semantic Network Theory • Information in LTM is organised systematically in the form of overlapping networks of connected units of information that are interconnected and interrelated by meaningful links and nodes.

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