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Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 19 & 20

Explore the physical properties, reactions, and preparation methods of carboxylic acids and their derivatives in this comprehensive guide by Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah from the Islamic University of Gaza. Understand concepts like acidity, resonance, and the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction.

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Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 19 & 20

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  1. Organic chemistry for medicine and biology students Chem 2311 Chapter 19 & 20 Carboxylic acids and Their Derivatives By Prof. Dr. Adel M. Awadallah Islamic University of Gaza

  2. Diacids

  3. Physical Properties of carboxylic acids Hydrogen bonding Solubility in water (lower acids)

  4. Acidity of carboxylic acids pKa = -log Ka As Ka increase or pKa decrease, the acidity increase

  5. Resonance and Inductive effect Conversion of acids to salts

  6. Preparation of carboxylic acids

  7. Acids, hydroxy acids, amino acids, and unsaturated acids from cyanohydrines

  8. Reactions of carboxylic acids

  9. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Reaction Treatment with bromine and a catalytic amount of phosphorus leads to the selective α-bromination of carboxylic acids.

  10. Mechanism of the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky ReactionPhosphorus reacts with bromine to give phosphorus tribromide, and in the first step this converts the carboxylic acid into an acyl bromide.

  11. Esters Nomenclature

  12. Examples

  13. Lactones (Cyclic Esters)

  14. Reactions of Esters with Grignard Reagent

  15. Formation of Amides (Ammonolysis of Esters)

  16. Reduction of Esters Esters can be reduced to primary alcohols

  17. The Cliasen Condensation

  18. Acid Halides They are prepared from the reaction of acids with thionyl chloride or phosphorus halides

  19. Reactions of acid chlorides Acid chlorides react rapidly with most nucleophiles such as water, alcohols and ammonia Acyl halides have irritating odors. Benzoyl chlorid is a lachrymator (tear gas)

  20. Reaction with Grignard Reagent

  21. Preparation of mixed anhydrides

  22. Mixed anhydrides

  23. Nucleophilic substitution of anhydrides

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