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Semantic Facilitation and Phonological Interference in Self-Correction

Investigating self-monitoring of speech repair processes, exploring semantic and phonological factors impacting self-correction strategies in language production.

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Semantic Facilitation and Phonological Interference in Self-Correction

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  1. Semantic facilitation and phonological interference in self-correction: evidence from picture naming Rob Hartsuiker (Ghent University) Martin Pickering & Nivja de Jong (Edinburgh University)

  2. Self-monitoring of speech (1) “You cannot even get a job in an English hospital without passing an English/ a French test” (2) “If Quebec can have a ba/ a Bill 101” • Self-monitoring of speech: detecting problems in speech (e.g., semantic [1] or phonological [2] errors), interrupting, and repairing • How do people repair? *Source: Blackmer & Mitton (Cognition, 1991)

  3. Self-repair Previous research considered: • The grammatical form of self-repairs (Levelt, 1983; Nooteboom, 1980; Van Wijk & Kempen, 1987) • The time course of repairing (Blackmer & Mitton, 1991; Hartsuiker & Kolk, 2001; Oomen & Postma, 2001) • But how do we repair?

  4. Self-repair: two views Do we maintain a representation of the error or do we “wipe the slate clean?” • Wiping-clean: prevents the error from re-occuring. • Maintenance: errors tend to resemble the target - why not re-use as much as you can?

  5. Why wiping clean? • Simplest account of repair is simply starting from scratch (Berg, 1986; Postma & Kolk, 1993) • But restarting needs to prevent repeated selection of the error. • Therefore, requires ‘wiping clean’

  6. Why maintenance? • Levelt (1983): Well-formedness rule of self-repairs: a repair (R) is well-formed iff the original utterance (O) can be completed with a string C so that O + C + or/and + R is a well-formed sentence. • But in order to adhere to that rule, the original utterance needs to be maintained.

  7. Errors as distractors Maintaining an error - analogous to Stroop-like tasks • Semantic interference(e.g., Damian & Martin, 1999; Glaser & Glaser, 1989; Schriefers, Meyer, & Levelt, 1990; La Heij et al., 1990; Starreveld & La Heij, 1995) • Phonological facilitation(same references) • Semantic facilitation (Bloem & La Heij, 2003)

  8. Wipe-clean: No difference between Related repairs (Sem, Phon) and unrelated repairs (Unr) Maintenance: Relatedness effects, as in Stroop-like tasks Sem: Butterfl/ Cat Phon: Butterfl/ Bus Unr: Butterfl/ Pipe Predictions

  9. Interruption paradigm • Picture naming • Occasionally, picture changes while naming it • Interrupt and repair • Glass … apple • Glasses… apple • Measure: repair onset latency + Interrupted stimulus (IS) 0 Corrected stimulus (CS) 1000 1300 cf., Van Wijk & Kempen (1987)

  10. No-change trial (92%) +

  11. Change-trial (8%) +

  12. Experiment 1: Semantic Relatedness Filler trials: Related trial: Unrelated trials:

  13. Method • 32 participants • Pictures from Snodgrass & Vanderwart (1980) • IS polysyllabic, CS monosyllabic • 264 trials: • 24 Change Trials (12 sem. related, 12 unrelated) • 12 Filler change trials • 228 No-Change trials

  14. Results: response types UNR SEM IS interrupted: butterf/ cat 110 87 IS completed: butterfly cat 114 142 IS skipped: cat 108 95 • Completions more likely in semantically-related trials

  15. Results: reaction times (ms) UNR SEM Effect IS interrupted 676 729 -53 (*) IS completed 761 716 45 (*) IS skipped 744 765 -21 • Semantic interference if IS interrupted • Semantic facilitation if IS completed

  16. Experiment 2: Phonological Relatedness Filler Phon Unr

  17. Results: response types UNR PHON IS interrupted: 64 68 IS completed: 290 276 IS skipped: 40 42 • No effect on completion frequency

  18. Results: reaction times (ms) UNR PHON Effect IS interrupted 660 621 39 IS completed 652 698 -46* IS skipped 753 731 22 • Phonological interference if IS completed

  19. Discussion • Relationship error<->repair affects repair latency, supporting maintenance hypothesis. • Directionality depends on placement interruption: • Within IS: Sem. interference; Phon. facilitation(?) • After IS: Sem. facilitation; Phon. interference

  20. Within-IS interruptions • The lemma and the phonological representations remain active. • SEM related words: increased competition at lemma level (e.g., Levelt et al., 1999; Schriefers et al., 1990) • PHON related words: re-use of sublexical elements (id.)

  21. Post-IS interruptions • After speaking a word, the lemma and phon. representations are discarded, or even inhibited: • SEM related words: no competition at lemma level, but priming at conceptual level (cf., Bloem & La Heij, 03). • PHON related words: post-selection inhibition of phon. units (cf., Dell 1986, Dell et al., 1997).

  22. Implications • We maintain representations of the error, including the lemma and (sub)lexical phonology • But only until the error is produced completely. At that point, certain mechanisms kick in that prevent reselection. • => If you stop too fast, you’ll Stroop yourself.

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