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Introduction to Video: Definition, History, and Compression Techniques

Learn about the fundamentals of video, including its definition, history, and various compression techniques used to reduce file size. Gain insights into codecs and common video formats.

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Introduction to Video: Definition, History, and Compression Techniques

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  1. Pengantar Multimedia Video

  2. Definition: • Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. • Application : • Entertainment: broadcast TV, VCR/DVD recording • Interpersonal: video telephony, video conferencing • Interactive: windows

  3. History: • First developed for CRT monitors • 1951 = first VTR = $50,000, tape = $300. • 1971 = Sony, VCR

  4. Slim CRT • Digital • DVD – 1997, Blu-ray – 2006. • Computers (tapeless production) • Digital broadcasting • Digital television • Digital Film

  5. Interlace – Progressive

  6. Interlace (i) • The interlace method was developed for TV broadcasting because the allotted bandwidth for TV channels in the 1940s was not sufficient to transmit 60 full frames per second. It was decided that interlacing with 60 half frames was visually better than 30 non-interlaced full frames.

  7. Progressive (p) • Each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. • Interlaced signal in progressive monitor may cause “flicker” if there is no de-interlace. • Better image quality. • De-interlace cannot produce as high quality of progressive.

  8. Aspect Ratio • Describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. • TV 4:3 (1.33:1), HDTV 16:9 (1.78:1) • Uncommon H is taller than W, (3:4) (portrait mode). Usually by physically rotating the display device 90 degrees from the normal position. • 9:16 is technically possible but very rare.

  9. Application : • Entertainment: broadcast TV, VCR/DVD recording • Interpersonal: video telephony, video conferencing • Interactive: windows

  10. Digital Video • Representation of moving visual images in the form of encoded digital data. • Digital video comprises a series of bitmap digital images displayed in rapid succession at a constant rate (frame). Bitmap images = consist of pixels. • Pixels only have one property = color. • Eg 640 x 480, 24bit color, 25 fps: • pixels per frame = 640 * 480 = 307,200 • bits per frame = 307,200 * 24 = 7,372,800 = 7.37Mbits • bit rate (BR) = 7.37 * 25 = 184.25Mbits/sec • video size = 184Mbits/sec * 3600sec = 662,400Mbits = 82,800Mbytes = 82.8Gbytes

  11. CODEC • Compressor – Decompressor • Convert uncompressed data (video) to compressed format. • Typically lossy – lower quality than the original. • Lossless = much bigger size. • Eg : Audio CD – FLAC (500-600 : 400-500). • The MSU Lossless Video Codec is a video codec developed by the Graphics & Media Lab Video Group of Moscow State University. (Obsolete as of 23 Nov 2011).

  12. Video Compression • Basic – minimizing video redundancy in video data. • 2 most common compression: • Spatial (Intraframe / JPEG) • Temporal (Interframe / MPEG, motion JPEG) • Spatial compression – only applies to individual frames (each bitmap). • BMP – JPG (Chroma subsampling) • Images are split into 8 x 8 pixels = macroblocks.

  13. Higher compression – more artifacts. • Images with solid color compressed more than complex color. • Temporal compression • More complex, images are grouped into P<redictive>, I<ntra coded>, and B<I predictive> frames. • Reduce redundancy (e.g.. Background image in video tutorial). • Break images into 8 x 8 px macroblock. • Each macroblock contains info about changing color, movement, rotation (called P frames). I frames are JPEG images (approx. 2x larger than P frames).

  14. B frames are interpolation or prediction between P and I frame (contains approx. ¼ data than I frame). • One aspect of Video Compression (as in audio) is bitrate. • Lower bitrate = lower quality.

  15. Common Codec • H.265/MPEG-H HEVC • x265: A GPL-licensed implementation of the H.265 video standard. Encoder only. • H.264/MPEG-4 AVC • x264: A GPL-licensed implementation of the H.264 video standard. Encoder only. • MPEG-4 codec developed by Nero AG. • QuickTime H.264 • H.264 implementation released by Apple. • DivX Pro H.264 decoder and encoder

  16. Microsoft codecs • WMV, including WMV 7, WMV 8, and WMV 9. • MS MPEG-4v3: A proprietary and not MPEG-4 compliant video codec by Microsoft. Released as a part of Windows Media Tools 4. • A hacked version of Microsoft's MPEG-4v3 codec became known as DivX • Google (On2) codecs[edit] • VP6, VP6-E, VP6-S, VP7, VP8, VP9: Proprietary HDVC developed by On2 Technologies • Adobe Flash Player 8 up, Adobe Flash Lite, Java FX, 720p - 1080p. • VP9 = 2160p. • VP8 and VP9 = paid • libtheora: Theora video compression by the Xiph.org Theora is targeted at competing with MPEG-4.

  17. Others • Schrödinger and dirac-research from Dirac compression developed by BBC Research • DNxHDcodec, developed by Avid Technology. VC-3. • Sorenson 3, popularly used by Apple's QuickTime, has many similar features with H.264. • Sorenson Spark, licensed to Macromedia for use in Flash Video • RealVideo, RealNetworks. Popular a few years ago (not now) • Cinepak: early codec used by Apple's QuickTime. • Indeo, an older compression initially developed by Intel.

  18. Most common format • AVI (Audio Video Interleave) • Microsoft, November 1992 as part of Video for Windows Technology. • One of the oldest format. • Simple, can be played : Windows, Mac, Linux, and web browsers. • Raw AVI (Large), Compressed AVI (uses CODEC – M-JPEG / DIVX)

  19. Flash (Flash Video Format) • Adobe Flash software - Sorenson Spark or VP6 video compression formats. • Adobe Flash Player, web browser plugins • All browsers are compatible with the Flash Video format. • Smaller file size with high quality. • Videos on the Web load quickly and won’t spend a lot of time using up bandwidth. • Some notable users of the Flash Video are YouTube, Yahoo! Video, VEVO, Hulu and MySpace.

  20. WMV (Windows Media Video) • Microsoft, originally designed for web streaming applications, as a competitor to Real Video. • Smallest file size after compression but poor video quality. • Probably the only video file format that allows users to upload and share their videos through the e-mail system. • Being a Microsoft software, the Windows Media Player is the main application that is used to play WMV files on all Microsoft’s Windows operating systems.

  21. MOV (Apple QuickTime Movie) • Apple, Inc. the most popular type of video sharing and viewing format amongst Macintosh users, and is often used on the Web, and for saving movie and video files. • Newer version called QuickTime X • MOV files = Apple QuickTime Player for Mac. • Quick Time Player for Windows. • Considered one of the best looking file formats, MOV files are of high quality and are usually big in file size.

  22. MP4 (Moving Pictures Expert Group 4) • MP4 MPEG-4 Part 14, a standard developed by the Motion Pictures Expert Group in 1998, who was responsible for setting industry standards regarding digital audio and video, and is commonly used for sharing video files on the Web. • the MPEG-4 uses separate compression for audio and video tracks • video MPEG-4 or H.264 video encoding; • audio AAC compression. • MP4 – one of the best format, quality remains high even after compression. • MP4 is the most popular for online video sharing, as it compatible with both online and mobile browsers and also supported by the new HTML5.

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