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Intro to Rhetorical Analysis

Intro to Rhetorical Analysis. The Rhetorical Situation. EXIGENCE – What were the circumstances surrounding the original delivery of the speech and/or publication of the piece? What happened or failed to happen? Why is one compelled to speak out? AUDIENCE –

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Intro to Rhetorical Analysis

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  1. Intro to Rhetorical Analysis

  2. The Rhetorical Situation • EXIGENCE – • What were the circumstancessurrounding the original delivery of the speech and/or publication of the piece? • What happened or failed to happen? • Why is one compelled to speak out? • AUDIENCE – • WHO does the speaker address and why?(the intended audience/reader) • If we’re analyzing a historical text, we’re talking about the originalaudience/reader.

  3. The Rhetorical Situation cont… • PURPOSE– • What is the goal of the speaker/author? • Some examples of purpose might be: • Support a cause • Promote change • Refute a theory • Stimulate interest • Win argument • Arouse sympathy • Provoke anger

  4. What are Persuasive Appeals? • There are 3 key ways writers can appeal to their audience: • Appeals of logic – LOGOS • Appeals of ethics – ETHOS • Appeals of emotion – PATHOS

  5. The Ethical Appeal • ETHOS –This refers to the writer’s credibility and character, his/her presentation of “self.” • It’s how the writer/speaker establishes trust and respect, with his/her audience. • Ask: Is the writer/speaker ethical enough to be a reliable source of information about the subject? • Is the writer/speaker believable, sincere, fair-minded?

  6. The Emotional Appeal • PATHOS–The use of words and images to evoke emotions such as fear, anger, empathy, jealousy, pity, love, etc. • Pathos may include: • Language that Appeals to the Senses • A Bias or Prejudice • An Anecdote • Connotative Language • Figurative Language • Informal Language • Ask: How does the speaker try to make the audience empathizewith the piece? • What does the piece make you feel?

  7. The Logical Appeal • LOGOS–The use of research, facts, statistics, expert testimony, witnesses, scientific data, etc. • Does the argument make sense? • Does it evoke a cognitive, rational response?

  8. Ethos? Logos? Pathos?

  9. Who could argue with this? Pathos • Images of a lonely polar bear suffering as his arctic home melts away • He makes a long journey just to thank someone for buying a Nissan. • YOU are saving the planet and the soon-to-be homeless polar bears if you buy a Nissan!

  10. Ethos? Logos? Pathos?

  11. Who could argue with this? Ethos • Poor Drake is feeling uninspired • He drinks a Sprite • The Sprite realistically travels through the core of his musical creativity center, SPARKING his creativity and making Drake the greatest performer of all time. • This only works because a celebrity is someone we identify with, so on some level we trust.

  12. Ethos, Logos, or Pathos?

  13. Statistics=Logos • In the year 2030: • 20% of adults will be overweight • We will be more and more sedentary • 60% of the world’s population will live in cities • We will spend most of time sitting or lying down • 20% of us will have trouble sleeping • 60% of children will be unlikely to have seen a cow • Poor dietary habits will continue to increase • THIS is what our world will be like in the year 2030, according to statistics. • BUT, the only real statistic is that 100% of statistics are made by US. • And we are going to change them. Because Coke.

  14. Form • Fiction or nonfiction? • Poetry or prose? • Spoken, written or visual?

  15. Structure, Organization or Arrangement • Classical Model: • Introduction >narration > confirmation > refutation > conclusion • Comparison/Contrast • Juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences • Narration of an event or Description • telling a story or recounting a series of events; chronological

  16. Structore, Organization or Arrangement • Cause and Effect • Analyzing the causes that lead to a certain effect, or conversely, the effects that result from a cause • Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring • Process analysis or Definition • Explains how something works; how to; sequential • Exemplification • Providing a series of examples (facts, instances, specific cases, etc.) • Classification/Division • Sorting material or ideas into major categories (answers the questions, “What goes together and why?” to make connections between things that may otherwise seem related)

  17. Surface Features • Diction – The writer/speaker’s choice of words • Why does the speaker/writer chose specific words? • Is the diction informal or formal? • Syntax – Sentence Structure • What does the sentence structure reveal about what the speaker/writer thinks/wants to emphasize? • Imagery – Language that appeals to the five senses • What sensation is the writer exploiting? • Figurative Language – Language meant to supplement or modify the literal (denotative) meaning of words: metaphor, simile, personification, oxymoron, hyperbole

  18. What else makes an argument powerful? • To really support an argument, you must consider the larger picture, the global picture. • Global evidence is when you use support for your argument by discussing global impactbigger than just the one time occurance.

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