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PC Hardware Basic Guide

PC Hardware Basic Guide. Module 5 - Processors. Module 5 - Processors. Overview It is a single chip CPU. It is an electronic component integrated with thousands and millions of transistors for performing arithmetic and logic operations.

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PC Hardware Basic Guide

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  1. PC Hardware Basic Guide Module 5 - Processors

  2. Module 5 - Processors • Overview • It is a single chip CPU. • It is an electronic component integrated with thousands and millions of transistors for performing arithmetic and logic operations. • The first processor under Advanced Technology is 80286. 80386, 80486 and the other Pentium processors. • Lesson Covered in this Module • Microprocessors • Advanced Processors • Choosing, Installing and troubleshooting a processor

  3. Lesson 1 - Microprocessors • Introduction • A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor • The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic Unit and the Control Unit • It performs functions like executing the instructions given by the user program, controlling the I/O operations and the functions of peripheral devices

  4. Lesson 1 - Microprocessors • Topics Covered in this Lesson • Microprocessors • Logic Gates • Number Systems • System Bus • 8085 Microprocessor • 8086 Microprocessor • 8088 Microprocessor • Support Chips used in 8088

  5. Topic 1 – Microprocessor • The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing Arithmetic and logic operations • The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. • The logic operations are taking decision based on same conditions. • Block diagram of Microprocessor

  6. Topic 2 – Logic Gates • AND Gate • AND gate is a logic gate which produces an output “1” if both the inputs are “1”. • OR Gate • The output of OR gate is logic 1 if any one of its input is logic 1.

  7. Topic 2 – Logic Gates • NOT gate or Inverter • If the input is logic 1 the output is 0 and vice versa. • XOR Gate • The output of XOR gate is one if one input is complement of the other.

  8. Topic 2 – Logic Gates • NAND gate • The output is logic 1 if at least one input is logic 0. • The Register unit is used to store data. • The control unit controls operations like generating the control signals for reading, and writing data to memory or I/O devices.

  9. Topic 3 - Number Systems • The different numbers systems in use are • Decimal Number System which has numbers in the range 0 to 9 • Octal Number System which has the numbers in the 0 to 7 • Binary Number System which has the numbers 0 and 1 • Hexadecimal Number System which has the numbers in the range 0 to 9 and A to F

  10. Topic 3 - Number Systems • Decimal to Binary Conversion • For example: (29)10 converted to binary 29/2 = 14 remainder 1 14/2 = 7 remainder 0 7/2 = 3 remainder 1 3/2 = 1 remainder 1 1/2 = 0 remainder 1 • (Decimal) 27 = Binary (11101)2 • Binary to Decimal Conversion • For example: (11101)2 • Binary number (11101)2 = ( Decimal) 16+8+4+0+1= 29

  11. Topic 3 - Number Systems • Hexadecimal Number System • The hexadecimal numbers are 0 to 9 and A to F. Continued….

  12. Topic 3 - Number Systems

  13. Topic 3 - Number Systems • Hexadecimal to Binary conversion • (1A)16 = (0001 1010)2 • The binary value for 1 is 0001 • The binary value for A is 1010 • Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion • The binary number (0001 1010)2 • (0001)2 is 1; (1010) 2 is A • The hexadecimal value is thus (1A)16

  14. Topic 3 - Number Systems • Hexadecimal to Decimal Number • The hexadecimal is first converted to binary and the binary number is then converted into decimal. • For example: Hexadecimal number (2B)16 • Step 1 - Hexadecimal number to binary (2B)16 = (0010 1011)2 • Step 2 - Binary number (0010 1011)2 to decimal 32+8+2+1=43 • Hexadecimal number (2B) 16 = (0010 1011)2= (43)10

  15. Topic 4 - System Bus • The system bus is divided into three namely • Address bus • Data Bus • Control Bus • Address Bus - used to locate the unique locations to get the data • Data Bus - used to send data between devices and memory • Control Bus – It carries control signal from the processor to other devices or memory.

  16. Topic 5 - Processors • 8085 Microprocessor • It is a 40 pin DIP package IC • It is an 8 bit processor • It is 3.125 MHz • It has16 bit address bus • Operates on +5V DC power supply • The pin diagram of 8085

  17. Topic 5 - Processors • The signals present in the microprocessor are, • Address and Data Bus • The address bus of 8085 microprocessor is 16 bit. • The low order address lines AD0 to AD7 are multiplexed. • The High order A8 to A15 are dedicated for carrying the address. • Demultiplexed using Address Latch Enable (ALE) signal.

  18. Topic 5 - Processors • Control and Status Signals • Control signals - RD and WR • Status signals - IO/M, S0 and S1 • Special signal - ALE to demultiplex the address and the data signals. • ALE (Address latch Enable) - Generates every time during the beginning of the operation. • RD (Read) - indicates that the selected memory location or the I/O device has to be read. • WR (Write) - indicates that data is available on the data bus and the data has to be written to the memory location or the I/O device Provided by the address bus.

  19. Topic 5 - Processors • IO/M • Low signal it indicates a memory operation • High signal indicates an input output operation • Power Supply and Frequency Signals • Vcc– It is the power supply given to the microprocessor for its operation. • Vss– It is the ground reference • X1 and X2 are the two ends which are connected to the crystal • CLK (OUT) – used as a system clock for other devices.

  20. Topic 5 - Processors • Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals • Interrupt Request (INTR) signal is generated by the peripheral devices to catch the attention of the CPU. • Externally Initiated Signals • RESET (RESET IN and RESET OUT), HOLD, READY. • RESET IN: the microprocessor is reset • RESET OUT: used by the processor to reset the other peripheral devices • HOLD: generated by the DMA controller requesting the microprocessor to grant the bus.

  21. Topic 5 - Processors • Serial I/O Ports • SID and SOD are two signals used for serial transmission. • SID is used to receive data bit by bit • SOD pin is used to output data bit by bit. • Flag Registers • Indicates the status of the Arithmetic and Logic operations. • The Flag registers present in 8085 microprocessor • Sign Flag • Zero Flag • Carry Flag • Auxiliary Carry Flag • Parity Flag

  22. Topic 6 - Features of 8086 Microprocessor • 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor • The clock speed varies from 4 MHz to 10 MHz • The data bus width is 16 bit • The width of the address bus is 20 bits. • Operates with +5V DC power supply • It is a 40 pin DIPP Package • It has a pipelined architecture • Does not provide a coprocessor support

  23. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • The data bus is 8 bit. • The clock speed supported is 4.77 MHz • It supports the 8087 coprocessor • Supports DMA data transfer • Supports pipelined architecture. • Supports nine flags • Provides large number of I/O ports up to 64K • The 8088 microprocessor operates in two different modes. • Minimum Mode • Maximum Mode

  24. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • The pin MN/MX decides the mode in which the processor can operate. • Under Minimum Mode, there is no coprocessor support.

  25. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • The MN/MX pin should be low to operate in Maximum mode.

  26. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • Basic units of 8088 Microprocessor • Bus Interface Unit (BIU) • Execution Unit (EU). • Functions performed by the BIU • I/O read and write • Memory read and write • Address generation and storing pre-fetched instructions • Functions performed by the EU • Decoding the instructions fetched by the Bus Interface Unit • Executing the instructions to generate the result

  27. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • Co-Processor 8087 • Used for performing arithmetic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic instructions. • So it is termed as Numerical Data Processor (NDP). • Working of 8087 Co-Processor • The results of floating point operations are desired to have 18 decimal digit accuracy.

  28. Topic 7 - Features of 8088 Microprocessor • Interface between 8088 and 8087 in a PC • The address/data bus lines of he 8088 microprocessor are connected directly with the 8087 Co-Processor.

  29. Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 • Different support chips present in the 8088 motherboard. • 8284 – Clock Generator is used to generate the clock • 8259-- Interrupt controller. • 8288 is the bus controller. • 8237 is the DMA controller. • 8253 is the programmable Timer • 8255 is the Programmable Peripheral Interface • 373 and 245 are address latches and buffer

  30. Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 • Classification of Support Chips • Dumb Chip • No intelligence and it is not programmable • Does not have separate memory to store the commands and the controls • Function of the dumb chip is fixed and is according to the input • Smart Chip • It is programmable and has intelligence. • Separate memory to store the commands and the controls • Troubleshooting of a smart chip is complex

  31. Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 • Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) – 8259A • It is used in the XT motherboard to generate an interrupt signal • PCI is an interface between the CPU and the device. • The XT motherboard supports one interrupt controller which can support eight devices

  32. Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 • The AT motherboard supports two interrupt controllers (8259) for supporting 15 interrupts.

  33. Memory Refresh Channel 0 Channel 1 Not Used FDC Channel 2 HDC Channel 3 Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088 • Programmable DMA Controller 8237 • Inn XT motherboard only one DMA controller is present. • In AT motherboards, two DMA controllers are cascaded. • The DMA controller has four channels • Channel 0 is used for refreshing RAM • Channel 1 is not used • Channel 2 is used by Floppy Disk Controller for performing data transfer • Channel 3 is used by Hard Disk Controller for performing data transfer

  34. Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors • Introduction • The advancement in technology brought many variations to the Extended Technology XT and the Advanced Technology was introduced • It is very much essential to identify the different processors, their features and the sockets or the slots where they can be connected.

  35. Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors • Topics Covered in this Lesson • 80286 Processor • 80386 Processor and 80486 Processor • Types of Instruction Set • Pentium Processor • Processor Generations • Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors • Pentium II Processors • Pentium Xeon Processors • Celeron Processors • Pentium III Processors • Pentium IV Processor • AMD Processor • Processor Identification

  36. Topic 1 - 80286 Processor • The registers and the ALU is 16 bit. • The width of the address bus is 24 bit. • It operates with +5V DC • It operates in 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12.5 MHz • It has Non-Multiplexed address/data bus

  37. Topic 1 - 80286 Processor • There are four stage in executing an instruction. • The instruction execution in a pipeline.

  38. Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors • Intel 80386 processor • It is a 32 bit microprocessor. • Two types are 80386 SX and 80386 DX. • They are real mode, protected mode and virtual 86 mode. • The 80386 SX has 24 address lines and the 80386 DX has 32 address lines • Supports instruction pipelining

  39. Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors • Intel 80486 Processor • Two types • 80486 SX and 80486 SL • 80486 DX • 80486 DX2 • 80486 DX4 • It has inbuilt Numeric Data processor • It has a unified inbuilt cache memory

  40. Topic 3 - Types of Instruction Set • Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) • This processors are provided with large number of complex instructions • Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) • It has less number of transistors and is cheaper. • Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) • It has combined features of both CISC and RISC. • Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) • The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many instructions per word.

  41. Topic 4 - Pentium Processors • Comparison

  42. Topic 4 - Pentium Processors • Features of Pentium Processor • Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture. • Supports Functional Redundancy Check. • Supports effective power management feature. • Supports multiprocessor

  43. Topic 4 - Pentium Processors • Cyrix 686 Processor • The pin of the Cyrix processor was Pentium compatible and could be placed in SOCKET 7. • AMD Processors • The series of AMD processors • K5 processor • K6, K6-2, K6-3 processors • K7 Athlon processor.

  44. Topic 5 - Processor Generations

  45. Topic 5 - Processor Generations

  46. Topic 5 - Processor Generations • The table shows the size of cache memory supported by different processors

  47. Topic 5 - Processor Generations • Some of the specifications, the significance and example of processor.

  48. Topic 5 - Processor Generations • The figure below shows the different generations of computers and the processors

  49. Topic 6 - Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors • Pentium MMX • It has on chip multimedia architecture. • Supports enhanced Pipeline feature • Operates with 2.8V • Intel Pentium PRO • Super pipelining Architecture • Integrated L1 Cache • Optimized performance for 32 bit code

  50. Topic 7 - Pentium II Processor • It integrated MMX feature in it. • Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz, 333 MHz. • Supports 512 KB of L2 cache • Supports 32 KB of L1 cache • Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit

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