Powers of Mobility

1. Powers of Mobility how social cohesion was elevated to the level of international politics how this created mass movements of European in order to create avoid war

2. Powers of Mobility • Governmentality • European borders • Conception of war • Minorities as the source of WWII • Society must be defended – internationally • Territory vs. population • Transfer of populations • Consequences

3. Governmentality ideas, strategies, tactics and practices of how to govern

4. Borders Balance of power Preservation of sovereignty

5. Borders

6. War • Arises between states • Lack of international government • Attempts of domination • Violation of borders

7. Sudetenland

8. Minoritiesas the source of WWII It is now generally recognised that national minorities, i.e. minorities who consider themselves and are considered part of a nation other than the one on whose territory they live, constitute a serious source of friction and conflict between nations, a menace to internal and international peace, and a potential danger to the security of the State containing them; they have, moreover, in the past been used as instruments of political pressure and expansionist schemes, and pretexts for aggression.

9. Minoritiesas the source of WWII This is especially true of German minorities, in particular those in States bordering on Germany, who always considered them as one of the most effective means for upsetting the European order established after the last war.

10. Society must be defended, • After past experiences [...], it cannot be hoped that the Czechoslovak people could live peacefully together with a major part of the German minority in Czechoslovakia. • The liberated Republic cannot, moreover, tolerate the existence, on its territory, of elements that have proved by their attitude that they regard themselves, not as citizens of the Czechoslovak State, but as members of a neighbouring and hostile nation and State, which they consider to be their proper cultural and political home. • Their presence constitutes a permanent danger to the existence of the Republic, more especially as the territory in which most of them are settled is situated in the frontier areas and is therefore of the greatest importance for the defence of the State.

11. internationally • Any attempt to retain the German minority in a country in which it so gravely compromised itself as in Czechoslovakia would involve that country in a vicious circle • from which it would find it difficult to escape without causing a new international crisis.

12. Territory vs. population It is obvious that the problem cannot be solved by territorial adjustments: in fact it is owing to the impossibility of finding a frontier-line which would not leave a minority on one or both of its sides that minority problems have arisen; for European minorities live nowhere in compact groups unmixed with other nationalities. 

13. Transfer of populations Under these circumstances […], the transfer of a major part of the German population […] is nothing short of a prime necessity: it is a condition which must be fulfilled before it will be possible to speak of the internal or external security of Czechoslovakia, or, for that matter, of European security in general.

14. New problems • Emigration from Europe • From refugees to surplus populations • Political fear of the masses • Europe as a community of faith