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Racial Issues in the 1920’s. 13.3. 800,000 African Americans migrated north to join the many who did during WWI More factory jobs in Northern cities Large black communities develop in: -Chicago – New York City – Detroit – Other Northern cities. The Great Migration.
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800,000 African Americans migrated north to join the many who did during WWI • More factory jobs in Northern cities • Large black communities develop in: -Chicago – New York City – • Detroit – Other Northern cities
The Great Migration • Wanted better economic opportunities and less discrimination • Situation better but not perfect • Blacks first to lose jobs during early 1920s recession • Violence – race riots – racial tension still existed even in North
Harlem Renaissance • A cultural movement that embraced expression and equality for African-Americans • Centered in Harlem, NY-fashion, entertainment, nightlife • Mecca of “The New Negro” • Also influential to Blacks in Paris, Africa, and the Caribbean
Harlem Renaissance • “The New Negro Movement” • Betterment of self, escape segregation and economic depravation • Emphasized racial pride, equality • Challenged racism, stereotypes • Promoted progressivism, socialism, and integration • A freedom of expression
Themes and characteristics • Sociological development, intellectualism • Folk traditions • Modern Black life • Show humanity • Modernism vs. Jazz
Music • Jazz and Blues: emotional, social, innovation • Duke Ellington-The Cotton Club • Louis Armstrong, Billie Holliday
Art • Visual, photography, painting, drawing, acting • Reality brought to life • Past experiences • Ambitions, dreams, goals
Literary • Poets, playwrights, novelists, essayists. • Inspire, influence, Express, progress • New styles • Imitations of classic style • Publication
Intellectual • W.E.B. Dubois • Sociologist, writer • NAACP founder; The Crisis • Marcus Garvey • Pan-Africanism-Unite all Africans • Black Nationalism-independent nation for all Blacks in Africa • UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) “Back to Africa”
Why The Arts and Literature? • Saw them as an agent of change • Means of expression and self-determination • Way to inspire and connect • Open doors for new opportunities
Impact • New identity for Blacks-from rural/ undereducated to urban/sophisticated • Players on the world stage • Self-determination • Set the stage for Civil Rights Movement • Inspiration for people worldwide • Movement towards integration
Reestablishment of the Klan • 1st Klan – 1865 - 1870 • Reestablished in 1915 • William Joseph Simmons – • Preacher • Brought the Klan back at Stone Mountain, GA
Why did the Klan come back? • Racism, industrialization, migration, immigration • Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and radicals like Communists • Staged mass rallies, kidnappings, beatings, and lynching's
Lynching • A form of violence, usually execution, outside the law to terrorize and intimidate a group of people
The Fall of the Klan • Rapid Rise – Early 1920s • Assisted by film Birth of a Nation • 6 million members in 1924 • Rapid Decline – Late 1920s • 30,000 members in 1930 • Today – 6,000 members
Fall of the Klan • Decline Due To: • -Negative publicity • -D.C. Stevenson Rape Case • -Publicity of Klan violence • -Some law enforcement crackdowns • -Internal Klan corruption