The Building of Global Empires

1. The Building of Global Empires The New Imperialism The Colonization of Africa and Asia

2. THE NEW IMPERIALISM 1870-1914 • Europe’s influence continued to expand in the late 19th century, and for all the same old reasons… • What was new, was the extent; for the first time, European imperialism became global in nature, with Great Britain as the leading colonial power. (“The sun never sets on the British Empire”) • It was also contradictory…while many European nations explored the ideals of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism for their own people, imperialism remained as exploitative as ever.

3. Characteristics of the“Old Imperialism”1500-1815 COLONIES OF SETTLEMENT Numerous citizens of the colonizing country settle in the colonial area They displace the native population though murder or disease and become the majority of the population Through revolution or reforms they become politically independent of the mother country Examples: The United States, Canada, Chile, Argentina COLONIES OF EXPLOITATION (tropical dependencies) These colonies do not attract a large number of European settlers Europeans come as soldiers, planters and administrators They establish political control by force They exploit local inhabitants or bring in African slaves to labor on plantations Examples: Mexico, Haiti, Cuba and most Caribbean and South American colonies (under the Old Imperialism) Nigeria, Vietnam and most African and Southeast Asian colonies (Under the New Imperialism)

4. What was “new” about the new imperialism • Before the 19th century, Europeans cooperated with local rulers in Africa, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas, where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. • The “new imperialism” tended to favor direct conquest and formal empire • Africa and Asia had seen limited European intrusion, and most contacts had been coastal in nature • Now, entire continents now came under European influence

5. EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

6. Major Cause for the New Imperialism The desire of the capitalist class to invest surplus capital for the highest profit (at the expense of the citizens of the European nation) J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study 1902 Imperialism is an outgrowth of monopoly capitalism, an alliance of the largest industrial and banking firms to dominate the markets of the world. V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: the HighestStage of Capitalism 1917

7. How was Imperialism sold to the public in Europe and the United States? "White Man's Burden": racist patronizing that preached that the “superior” Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world - Poem by Rudyard Kipling Germany and Russia used imperialistic drives to divert popular attention from the class struggle at home and to create a false sense of national unity.

8. “The White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling 1899

9. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.

10. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain.

11. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch sloth and heathen folly Bring all your hope to nought.

12. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- No iron rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go, make them with your living And mark them with your dead.

13. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden, And reap his old reward-- The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?"

14. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness. By all ye will or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent sullen peoples Shall weigh your God and you.

15. The White Man’s BurdenBy Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden! Have done with childish days-- The lightly-proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.

16. H.T. Johnson, “The Black Man’s Burden” 1899 • Pile on the Black Man’s Burden. • 'Tis nearest at your door; • Why heed long bleeding Cuba, • or dark Hawaii’s shore? • Hail ye your fearless armies, • Which menace feeble folks • Who fight with clubs and arrows • and brook your rifle’s smoke. • Pile on the Black Man’s Burden • His wail with laughter drown • You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, • And will take up the Brown, • In vain ye seek to end it, • With bullets, blood or death • Better by far defend it • With honor’s holy breath.

17. British Imperialism in India

18. The Mughal Empire Reached it’s height in 1708 Contained Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs Granted exclusive trading rights to the British East India Company to trade for for exotic and rare goods Decline of the Mughals began with religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus and resulted in infighting and a divided empire

19. The British East India Company (1600-1857) • Received its first charter from Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 • One of a number of “east India companies” vying for influence and trading rights in India • Company obtained right to build fortified trading posts on Indian coast • Got monopoly of trade in Indian pepper and cotton • Benefiting from the Mughal decline, the company expands its territory. • Gained control of Bengal after Robert Clive’s decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 • Enforce their rule with a native army—the Sepoys

20. British East India Company Agents 1-E

21. Sepoy soldiers 1-F

22. Sepoy Mutiny or War of Independence of 1857 • Divide and conquer strategy had worked well for the British • Religious differences offered an easy way to divide Hindus from Muslims • Uniting factor • Racist, superior and paternalistic attitudes of the British in India gave the Indians something to unite against • East India Company used Sepoy: Indian soldiers • New Gunpowder cartridges were rumored to be sealed with cow or pig fat • Sepoy rebelled against East India Company rule • Resulted in the end of 100 years of company rule in India • British government took direct control to protect their valuable trading empire and ruled from 1858 to 1947 • Known as the Raj, British rule was eventually undermined by Mohandas K. Gandhi's passive resistance movement

23. The Sepoy Mutiny: 1857 2-A

24. Outlawing Suttee (sati)

25. Fighting the Thuggees

26. British Opium Warehouse in Patna, India Selling Patna Opium in China

27. Sir Raghubir Singh, Maharaja of Bundi

28. 1876: Queen Victoria Becomes “Empress of India” 2-D

29. Queen Victoria in India PAX BRITANNICA

30. Living Like a Maharajah

31. The Rise of Indian Nationalism

32. Causes of Indian nationalism: discontent with British rule India more unified than it had been before British rule leadership: Western-educated Indian elite common language new print culture nationalist orgs: 1885 – Indian National Congress early 1900s – Swadeshi movement 1906 – Muslim League

33. Political nationalism Evolves from a demand for greater political freedoms, such as: suffrage more Indians in government To a demand for complete independence Cultural Nationalism development of “Indian” cultural identity rewrite histories emphasis on Hinduism Indian contributions to math and sciences ideal of Indian art Return to pre-industrial Indian way of life

34. the Indian National Congress • 1885  The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. • At first an organization of the Hindu elite • In 1920’s Gandhi makes it a mass movement • swaraj  “independence.” goal of movement

35. Swadeshi Movement early 1900s Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self-sufficiency boycott British goods Indians produce own goods Indian schools  nationalist education nationalism = mass movement

36. Indian National Muslim League 1905 British partition Bengal based on religion 1906 Muslim league founded advocate for Muslim political rights Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

37. Gandhi (1869-1948) leader of INC, 1920s-1930s nonviolence (satyagraha)

38. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876 1869 - 1948

39. Early life & training for his future role: 1869 – born in Gujarat 1888-1891 – studies law in Britain 1893-1899, 1902-1915 – fight racism as a civil rights lawyer in South Africa In South Africa, he develops his philosophy of “satyagraha” (truth force)

40. Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. Africa

41. Protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes its leader: 1915 – Satyagraha (harijan) Ashram 1919 – Amritsar Massacre (379 dead) 1922-1924 – imprisonment 1924 – 21-day fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1930 – Salt March 1942- leads “Quit India” movement—imprisoned for two years 1947 Partition of India January 1948 – fasts to encourage Hindu-Muslim unity during sectarian rioting 1948 – assassinated by Hindu zealot

42. Gandhi spinning cloth at the Satyagraha Ashram in Ahmedabad Indian weaving had been ruined by the competition of British machine-made textiles!

43. Amritsar Massacre, 1919 379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

44. Salt March, 1930 MakingSalt

45. On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

46. Issues in the Indian nationalist movement method – nonviolence vs. violence religion – Hinduism vs. Islam women’s rights Q of westernization/modernization

47. Independence and Partition August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority) August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

48. India before (left) and after (right) 1947

49. Post-Independence Violence Hindu vs. Muslim 1 million deaths 12 million relocated Gandhi fasts to support end of sectarian violence Gandhi’s assassinated on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu fanatic

50. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1st PM of India (1947-1964) goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics