What’s the grammatical difference between Caecilius and Caecilium ?

1. What’s the grammatical difference between Caecilius and Caecilium?

2. Subject The doer of the verb or the topic of the sentence. Caecilius is the father.

3. Direct Object The thing acted upon by the verb. It receives the action of an actionverb. amicus Caeciliumsalutat. • Who’s the subject (doing the greeting)? • Who’s the direct object (receiving the greeting)?

4. How to find the direct object? • In Latin, the ending on a noun tells you how it functions in the sentence. • Caecilius is the subject form of Caecilius. • When he’s the direct object, his name ends with a uminstead of a us. • You’d spell his name Caeciliumwhenever he is the direct object.

5. …other types of nouns: • Nouns like via and mensa will end in AM instead of A when they are the direct object. Subject FormDirect Object Form via viam mensa  mensam

6. Nouns that end in –us or -um like Caecilius, hortus, or atrium will end in UM instead of US/UM when they are the direct object. Subject FormDirect Object Form Caecilius Caecilium hortus  hortum atrium  atrium

7. Nouns that don’t end in US or A and their 2nd form on the vocabulary ends in –IS, will have an EM as an ending instead of an IS. Subject FormDirect Object Form pater, patris patrem mater, matris  matrem canis, canis  canem

9. What are Cases? • Cases are used for nouns • They tell us the purpose of each noun in a sentence • Latin has 6 cases: • Nominative • Genitive • Dative • Accusative • Ablative • Vocative

10. You already know 3 cases… • Ablative – used with prepositions • in tablino • in culina • Nominative – subject of a sentence • Caecilius • Metella • Accusative – direct object in a sentence • Caecilium • Metellam

11. Declensions = Families for Nouns • You look like your family, correct? • Nouns have families too… called DECLENSIONS • Today we will learn about three declension families: • 1st Declension • 2nd Declension • 3rd Declension

12. How to determine a Noun’s Family (or Declension) • Go to the Genitive Case (the 2nd entry in your vocab list). • See which family it matches with… AE = 1stDeclension I = 2nd Declension IS = 3rd Declension

13. How to find a noun’s stem: For 1st Declension nouns  Drop the AE to get the stem. For 2nd Declension nouns  Drop the I to get the stem. For 3rd Declension nouns  Drop the IS to get the stem.

14. To form the accusative: Add an AMto the 1st Declension nouns’ stems. Add aUMto the 2nd Declension nouns’ stems. Add an EMto the 3rd Declension nouns’ stems.

16. Understanding Nouns in Dictionary Form… rex, regis (m). • The first entry is the Nominative Case form of that noun (the case for subjects) • The second entry is the Genitive Case form of that noun (the case for possession… but we’ll use it now for finding the stem) • The third entry gives you the gender of your noun.

17. Let’s Practice …

18. Check your answers…