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Genomics

Genomics. DNA Marker Lecture 10 BY Ms. Shumaila Azam. DNA Markers. A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation that can be observed.

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Genomics

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  1. Genomics DNA Marker Lecture 10 BY Ms. ShumailaAzam

  2. DNA Markers • A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. • It can be described as a variation that can be observed. • Which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci.

  3. Types • Some commonly used types of genetic markers are • RFLP (or Restriction fragment length polymorphism) • RFLP was an important tool in genome mapping, localization of genes for genetic disorders, determination of risk for disease, and paternity testing. • SSLP (or Simple sequence length polymorphism) • can be used to understand genetic variance between two individuals in a certain species • AFLP (or Amplified fragment length polymorphism) • AFLP has become widely used for the identification of genetic variation in strains or closely related species of plants, fungi, animals, and bacteria.

  4. Types • RAPD (or Random amplification of polymorphic DNA) • RAPD has been used to characterize, and trace, the phylogeny of diverse plant and animal species. • VNTR (or Variable number tandem repeat) • Their analysis is useful in genetics and biology research, forensics, and DNA fingerprinting. • SSR Microsatellite polymorphism, (or Simple sequence repeat) • They can also be used for studies of gene duplication or deletion, marker assisted selection, and fingerprinting.

  5. Types • SNP (or Single nucleotide polymorphism) • SNPs are also critical for personalized medicine. • STR (or Short tandem repeat) • Their analysis is useful in genetics and biology research, forensics, and DNA fingerprinting.

  6. Categories of markers • Biochemical markers which detect variation at the gene product level such as changes in proteins and amino acids • Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion.

  7. Mode of inheritance • Dominance/recessive • Co-dominance • If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. • Co-dominant markers are more informative than the dominant markers.

  8. Uses of Markers • Genetic markers can be used to study the relationship between an inherited disease and its genetic cause • Genetic markers are employed in genealogical DNA testing for genetic genealogy to determine genetic distance between individuals or populations. • With the aid of genetic markers, researchers were able to provide conclusive evidence that the cancerous tumor cell evolved into a transmissible parasite. • molecular genetic markers were used to resolve the issue of natural transmission, the breed of origin (phylogenetics), and the age of the canine tumor. • Genetic markers have also been used to measure the genomic response to selection in livestock.

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