Who discovered America? First Americans / Native Americans / Amerindians

1. Who discovered America?First Americans / Native Americans / Amerindians

2. Who discovered America (for whom)?

3. Nomenclature… • Amerindians • Native Americans • First Nations

4. Sources of knowledge on pre-Columbian America • pre-history – no written records • archeology • anthropology • ethnography • linguistics • oral tradition

5. Archelology and its problems

6. Linguistics as archeology's auxiliary science • nearly 30 language families • plus nearly 30 isolates • in total – nearly 300 languages spoken north of Mexico • Europe – 2 families and 1 isolate • Total of all Indian languages – approx. 2000

7. Major linguistic families • Iroquoian • Kalapuyan [kalapúyan] • Kiowa-Tanoan • Maiduan • Muskogean [m^sk^djían] • Palaihnihan (Achumawi-Atsugewi) • Pomoan [pómo, pomóan] • Sahaptian • Salishan [sélish] • Shastan • Siouan-Catawban • Siouan • Catawban • Tsimshianic • Utian • Miwok • Costanoan • Utaztecan • Numic • Tübatulabal • Takic • Tepiman • Taracahitic • Tubar • Corachol • Aztecan • Wakashan • Kwakiutlan • Nootkan • Wintuan • Yokutsan • Yuman-Cochimi • Yuman • Cochimi • Algic • Algonquian • Wiyot • Yurok • Na-Dene • Eyak-Athabaskan • Eyak • Athabaskan • Tlingit • Caddoan • Chimakuan • Chinookan • Chumashan [chúmash] • Comecrudan • Coosan [kus] • Eskimo-Aleut • Eskimoan • Aleut = Unangan

8. Names of American States of Native American origin • Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, North & South Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming

9. Navajo Codetalkers

10. Problems with studying pre-Columbian America • cultural / race bias • noble savage bias • 'white-washing' of Indian history and revisionist histories of Amerindians

11. First wave of migration: Paleo-Indians • Beringia / Bering Land Bridge • Wisconsin Ice Age (Glaciation)

12. Second and third wave of migration: Inuits, Yupik, Aleuts • anorak • goggles • igloo • kayak • umiak

13. South America / Latin America • Mayas • Teotihuacan • Incas • Olmecs • Aztecs

14. Significant archeological sites – North America

15. A mosaic of cultures / varied ratio of development • big game hunting • mastodons • mammoths • hunters – gatherers • nomads • nearly no farming • why? • no traction animal • various cultural forms throughout pre-historic period • various forms of social and political organization • North American Indian civilizations

16. North American Indian civilizations • Archaic Tradition • Woodland Tradition • Mississippi Tradition • Basketweavers • Burial Mounds Tradition • Temple Mounds Tradition

17. Pueblo

18. Eurpoean motives for colonization • Age of geographical explorations • New ways of life • Conversion of natives to Christianity • Hope of wealth

19. Columbian Exchange • the totals of the mutual influences on the natural environment and human habitat brought about by the Columbus expedition • great number of animals, plants, diseases moved from one continent to the other, nearly every society on Earth affected by the Columbian exchange. • diseases brought from Europe caused major depopulation of America • Syphilis, in turn, proved more deadly in Europe than in America