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Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood: Growth, Maintenance, Decline, and Modifiability

Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood: Growth, Maintenance, Decline, and Modifiability. K. Warner Schaie Sherry L. Willis The Pennsylvania State University. Work on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, data from which are reported here, has been supported by grants from:. Scientific Collaborators.

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Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood: Growth, Maintenance, Decline, and Modifiability

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  1. Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood: Growth, Maintenance, Decline, and Modifiability K. Warner Schaie Sherry L. Willis The Pennsylvania State University

  2. Work on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, data from which are reported here, has been supported by grants from:

  3. Scientific Collaborators Paul Baltes Ann Gruber-Baldini Ann O’Hanlon Thomas Barrett Christopher Hertzog Iris Parham Ute Bayen Robert Intrieri Robert Plomin Julie Boron Gina Jay Samuel Popkin Hayden Bothworth Alfred Kaszniak Margaret Quayhagen Barbara Buech Iseli Krauss Andrew Revell Grace Caskie Eric Labouvie Amy Roth Heather Chipuer Gisela Labouvie-Vief Lindsay Ryan Theresa Cooney Thomas Ledermann Jane Saczinski Ranjana Dutta Heiner Maier John Schulenberg Cindy de Frias Scott Maitland Charles Strother Michael Gilewski Ann Nardi Vicki Stone Judith Gonda John Nesselroade Linda Teri Kathy Gribbin Ha Nguyen Faika Zanjani Elizabeth Zelinski

  4. Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood • Some Methodological Issues • Growth, Maintenance and Decline • Development Influences that Affect the Life Course of Intellectual Functioning • Early Detection of Risk of Late Life Dementia • Modifiability Through Cognitive Training

  5. Some Methodological Issues • Normal vs Pathological Aging • Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal Data • Cohort and Generational Differences in Level and Rate of Change • Population vs Family Studies

  6. Normal vs Pathological Aging • Aging as Decline • Neuropathology, Disuse & Obsolescence • Aging as Development • Successful & Unsuccessful Aging • Experience & Wisdom

  7. Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal Data • Age Differences • Inter-Individual Variation Across Groups • Age Changes • Intra-Individual Changes Over Time Within Groups

  8. Cohort and Generational Differences in Level and Rate of Change • In Population Studies • In Biologically Related Individuals

  9. The Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) • Age Changes and Age Differences • Antecedents of Individual Differences in Aging • Interventions to Slow Cognitive Aging • Generational Differences • Family Studies • Early Detection of Dementia

  10. Conceptual Model of the SLS

  11. Abilities Studied • Verbal Ability • Spatial Orientation • Inductive Reasoning • Numeric Ability • Perceptual Speed • Verbal Memory

  12. Examples of Ability Items

  13. Cross-Sectional Age Differences

  14. Longitudinal Age Changes

  15. Individual Changes Over Time on Verbal Ability

  16. Parameters for Predicting Age at which First Decline Event is Most Likely to Occur__________________________________________________________________________________________________________Adjustment in Years Variables Affecting Verbal Spatial Inductive Number Word Age of Decline Meaning Orientation Reasoning Fluency _________________________________________________________________________________________________________Average Age of Decline 67.83 62.61 64.88 64.52 63.37 Base level- .27 -.38 -.27 - .19 (per unit above mean) Female 5.29 5.44 4.67 5.03 4.37 Education 1.35 1.13 .83 1.03 1.08 (per year above mean) Observed Decline in-6.44 -6.20 -3.46 -5.87 6.02 Behavioral Flexibility Above average 2.71 4.80 2.58 1.80 2.97 Success

  17. Longitudinal Changes in Cognitive Styles

  18. Separating GENERATIONAL Differencesfrom AGE Changes

  19. Cohort Studies

  20. Cohort Effects in Cognitive Styles

  21. The Family Study • Family Similarity in Intellectual Competence • Family Similarity in Cognitive Style • Similarity in Perception of Family Environment

  22. Generational Difference in Abilities

  23. Rate of Cognitive Change

  24. Rate of Cognitive Change in Biologically Related Individuals

  25. Change over 14 Years

  26. Early Detection of Risk of Dementia • Neuropsychological Studies in Community Dwelling Persons • Genetic Studies: The ApoE Gene

  27. Population Screened

  28. Apoprotein E Allele Distribution 22 4 (0.6%) 32 91 (13.4%) 33 397 (58.6%) 42 20 (3.0%) 43 149 (22.0%) 44 17 (2.5%)

  29. 7-Year Cognitive Change by Allele Type

  30. Correlating Autopsy Findings with Cognitive Change

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