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Research and Communication Techniques

Research and Communication Techniques. Chapter 2 – Literature Reviews and Citations Dr Brett Stevens e-mail: Brett.Stevens@port.ac.uk phone: 023 9284 5482 address: West Wing, Eldon Building notes: http://techfaculty.port.ac.uk/rectp/index.htm/. The Research Report. Title

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Research and Communication Techniques

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  1. Research and Communication Techniques Chapter 2 – Literature Reviews and Citations Dr Brett Stevens e-mail: Brett.Stevens@port.ac.uk phone: 023 9284 5482 address: West Wing, Eldon Building notes: http://techfaculty.port.ac.uk/rectp/index.htm/

  2. The Research Report Title Abstract Keywords Introduction Method Design Participants Materials / Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion Conclusions References What sections should be in a research report.?? The method sub-sections will differ according to the type of study. Each section heading will be looked at in turn over The course of this unit.

  3. This Week • The Introduction. • Includes the Literature Review • Must conform to academic conventions.

  4. Academic Conventions • Research reports (including your dissertation) must use the passive voice and the third person. Never use words such as, I, you … Any others..???

  5. Academic Conventions For example…. I have conducted some research on the use of language. (1st person) You have conducted some research on the use of language. (2nd person) Research has been conducted on the use of language.(3rd person)

  6. ‘Sensible’ Conventions Be as Clear as possible. • Don’t use “Big Words” because you can. • Aim the work at an audiences of “informed lay people” who are not necessarily subject experts. • The participant looked at some computer stuff on the screen. • The participant visually inspected the icons presented. • The participant used their ocular system to sample the graphical user interface elements that were exhibited on a cathode ray tube display.

  7. Citing Existing Work & References • The most important aspect of scientific writing is the support of all ‘factual’ statements. • If a statement of fact is included in a research report then it needs to be cited. • Failure to do so on this Master’s course can lead to allegations of plagiarism.

  8. Citing Existing Work Failure to cite a source properly will result in your work being dismissed. e.g. • Females find navigation more difficult then males. Dismissed by 50% of the population (females??). Astur, Ortiz & Sutherland found in their 1998 study that females find spatial navigation more difficult then males. Astur, Ortiz & Sutherland (1998) showed that females find spatial navigation more difficult then males.

  9. Referencing Existing Work • A citation is a link to the reference. • The reference gives details of the source so that the reader can find it for themselves. Astur, R.S., Ortiz, M.L., and Sutherland, R.J., (1998). A characterization of performance by men and women in a virtual Morris water task: A large and reliable sex difference. Behavioural Brain Research, 93(1-2), 185-190. In Harvard APA format for this Department.

  10. Levels of Citing • The most obvious: The Quotation. “ … if the story makes sense and doesn’t depend only on coincidence, …[then] the experience is more likely to ring true” (Lombard & Ditton 1997). • The most mistaken: The Paraphrase. An experience is probably going to be more convincing if the supporting story does not depend on coincidence (Lombard & Ditton 1997).

  11. The Research’s “Introduction” • Now we know how to write, we need to know what to write.! • Identify the problem to be investigated. • Many layers of explanation, each getting closer to the solution to the problem (or at least a better definition).

  12. The Introduction as a Funnel For a large report a literature review maybe a separate section. However, ALWAYS give it a more descriptive name.

  13. Starting to Write • Can be tricky. So… Make sure that you have clearly defined your topic and research question. • The notes you make during the Literature Review will provide a framework to get the writing started. • Create a document structure.

  14. What to include If you have been taking notes whilst conducting you Literature Review you should have a wealth of information to get started with but… Do not include material just because you have it. Only include RELEVENT material, that can be APPLIED to your work.!

  15. The Introduction as a Funnel

  16. Tutorial Complete the tutorial exercises.

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