Chemical Bonding

1. Chemical Bonding Carbon Atom- Carbon can bond with itself and other elements in many ways. Three types of chains- Straight chain 2. Branched chain 3. Ring

2. Forms Of Pure Carbon • Diamonds- the hardest mineral. Forms at very high temperatures and pressures deep in the earth. Crystal structure • Graphite- soft, and bonded in layers. Very slippery. • Fullerenes- a new form of carbon arranged in a repeating pattern that looks like a soccer ball.

3. Carbon Compounds • Organic compounds- compound that contains carbon. Part of every living thing on earth. • Properties- low melting points, low boiling points. Liquids and gases at room temperature. Does not dissolve in water. Strong odor. Does not conduct electric current.

4. Hydrocarbons • A compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen. • Properties- flammable, when they burn they release a lot of energy, mix poorly with water. • Molecular formula- the chemical symbols of the elements that make up each molecule of a compound. • Subscript- the numbers that are lower and smaller than the element symbols.

5. Structural Formula • Shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The letters indicate the element, the dashes indicate the bonds. • Isomer-compounds that have the same molecular formula but are different structure. Can be branched or straight. • Double bonds and Triple bonds- two elements connected by two or three dashes. The dashes indicate bonds.

6. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • Saturated hydrocarbon- has only single bonds. Maximum numbers of hydrogen atoms possible on its carbon chain. • Unsaturated hydrocarbon- with double or triple bonds.

7. Substituted Hydrocarbons • Include halogen compounds, alcohols, and organic acids • Halogen Compounds- one or more halogen atoms replace a hydrogen atom • Alcohols- OH substitutes hydrogen -dissolve well in water, higher boiling points, liquid at room temp. • Organic Acids- COOH – sour taste • COOH – carboxyl group

8. Esters • alcohol + organic acid= ester • Pleasant odor • Ingredients in medicine (aspirin, novacane)

9. Polymers • organic compounds linked together to build huge molecules leads to polymers • Monomers- smaller molecules that make up the chain • Wool, cotton, silk- Natural polymers • Nylon, polyester-synthetic polymers

10. Nutrients From Food • Nutrients- substances that provide the energy in raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function properly. (most are polymers) • Digestion- the process of changing polymers into monomers.

11. Four Classes of Polymers • Carbohydrates- energy rich organic compound made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Two types: • Simple carbohydrates= sugar Glucose simple sugar the body uses to feed itself. 2. Complex carbohydrates= longer chains of simple carbohydrates/sugar. Starch- a complex carbohydrate found in wheat grains, and vegetables. Cellulose- plant fiber that the body does not digest.

12. Proteins • Proteins are made of organic compounds called amino acids. There are 20 different kinds of amino acids. • Amino acids are the monomers in protein. • Each amino acid has a carboxyl group (COOH) • Proteins include muscles, hair, skin, eggs, meat, milk, fish, nails.

13. Lipids • Energy rich polymers made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. • Store twice as much energy as carbohydrates. • Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol.

14. Nucleic Acids • Very large organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. • Includes DNA and RNA- an nucleic acid that holds the coated instructions to cells. The basic structure of living things. • Nucleotides- monomers of nucleic acids, that contain the order of our genetic material. • The differences among living things depend on the order of nucleotides.

15. Vitamins and Minerals • Vitamins- organic compounds that serve as helper molecules. • Minerals- elements needed by the body to perform certain functions.