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One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs

One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs. Alexander C. Diener Associate Professor of Geography Social Science Division Pepperdine University. Research Support. National Science Foundation Macarthur Foundation

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One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs

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  1. One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs Alexander C. DienerAssociate Professor of Geography Social Science Division Pepperdine University

  2. Research Support • National Science Foundation • Macarthur Foundation • International Research and Exchange Board • Social Science Research Council • Kennan Institute (WWC) • University of Wisconsin • Indiana University • Pepperdine University

  3. Time-Line • Preliminary Research and Language Training • (U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Iowa, Indiana U.) • SSRC Predissertation Fellowship • (Indiana University and Kazakhstan) • Field work: • 8 months Kazakhstan • 4 months Mongolia • 2 months Kyrgyzstan • 1 month Russia

  4. Timeline Cont. • Dissertation Write Up (UW & SSRC) • Kennan Institute (WWC) and Pepperdine U. • Homeland Conceptions and Ethnic Integration among Kazakhstan's Germans and Koreans(Lampeter UK: Edwin Mellen Press,2004) pp. 180 • One Homeland or Two?: Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs(Stanford, CA and Washington DC: Stanford University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2009) pp.405

  5. Theoretical Concerns and Terminology • Homeland Psychology • Place, Power, and Identity • Post-Nationalization and De-Territorialization • Diasporic Identity - “Placeless”? • Scale of Place Attachment • De- and Re- Territorialization: Diaspora? • Transnationalism and Hybridity • Kin-States, Host-States, (re)Patriation

  6. Evolution of the Research Question • Areas of Compact Living (Germans, Koreans, Russians, Poles, and Ukrainians) • Emigration of Non-Titular (largely European Groups) • Abandoned Homes Filled with Kazakhs from Abroad

  7. Mongolian-Kazakhs • History of “Diaspora”

  8. Turkic Homeland

  9. Turkic Graves

  10. Turkic Homeland

  11. Mongolian-Kazakhs • History of Diaspora • Isolation / Insulation

  12. Isolation / Insulation

  13. Ethnic Group 1989 2000 ‘000 % ‘000 % Total 2044.0 100.0 2373.5 100.0 Total Mongolian Citizens 1987.3 97.2 2365.4 99.7 Khalka 1610.4 78.8 1934.7 81.5 Kazakh 120.5 5.9 103.0 4.3 Durved 55.2 2.7 66.7 2.8 Bayad 39.2 1.9 50.8 2.1 Buryat 35.4 1.7 40.6 1.7 Dariganga 29.0 1.4 31.9 1.3 Zakhchin 23.0 1.1 29.8 1.3 Uriangkhai 21.3 1.0 25.2 1.1 Other 53.1 2.6 82.6 3.5 Citizens of other Countries 56.7 2.8 8.1 0.3 Largest Minority in Mongolia Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia - 2000 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia: the Main Results 2001, 50

  14. Isolation / Insulation

  15. Trans Infrastructure

  16. Millennium Highway

  17. Mongolian-Kazakhs • History of Diaspora • Isolation / Insulation • Cultural Compatibility

  18. Cultural Compatibility

  19. Cultural Compatibility

  20. Nomadic Traditions

  21. Shared History

  22. Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale Homeland • Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation • Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview

  23. Supply Lines

  24. Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale Homeland • Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation • Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview • Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan Olgi • Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi

  25. Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi

  26. Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale Homeland • Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation • Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview • Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan Olgi • Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi • Discourses of Kazakh Migration and Territorialization within Mongolia • Mongolia De-territorialization Discourses • Mongolia Re-territorialization Discourses

  27. Return Myths

  28. Kazakhstan or Kazakhstani-stan

  29. Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return • Ethnic Nationalism – KAZAKH-stan • 1993 Constitution • Language Policy*

  30. It is the Responsibility of All Kazakhstani Citizens to Learn Kazakh

  31. Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return • Civic/Territorial Nationalism - - Kazakhstani-stan • 1995 Constitution • Media – Campaign*

  32. My Homeland is Kazakhstan

  33. Emigration

  34. Nationalities 1989 1990 1993 1995 1999 Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Kazakhs 6534616 39.7 6700363 40.3 7287635 43.1 7636205 46.0 7985039 53.4 Russians 6227549 37.8 6241930 37.6 6168740 36.5 5769711 34.7 4479620 30.0 Ukrainians 896240 5.4 893780 5.4 875434 5.2 820871 4.9 547054 3.7 Germans 957518 5.8 917485 5.5 696042 4.1 507199 3.1 353441 2.4 Uzbeks 332017 2.0 340532 2.0 364159 2.2 378811 2.3 370663 2.5 Tatars 327982 2.0 333412 2.0 335514 2.0 319592 1.9 248954 1.7 Uighurs 185301 1.1 n. a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 210365 1.4 Belarusians 182601 1.1 182814 1.1 181486 1.1 171716 1.0 111927 0.7 Koreans 103315 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 99665 0.7 Others 717325 4.4 1007997 6.1 1004743 5.9 1002986 6.0 546398 3.7 Total 16464464 100 16618313 100 16913753 100 16607091 100 14953126 100 Population Change in Kazakhstan 1989-1999 Source: Oka 2001, 94. 1989 USSR Population Census (CD Rom). 1996 East View Publications. Natsionalnoe statisticheskoe agenstvo respubliki kazakhstan, 1996. Demograficheskii ezhegodnik kazakhstana, pp.56-58 Alamty. Agenstvo rspubliki kazkahstan po statistike, 2000. Natsionalnyi sostab naseleniya respubliki kazakhstan: Itogi pereepisi naseleniya 1999 v respublike kazakhstan, vol.1 pp. 6-8. Note: Changes in Kazakhstan's territorial administrative structure have altered some of the population data from 1989 to 1999. It is not clear why these changes occurred.

  35. SUPREME COURT

  36. Kazakh Iconography

  37. Role of the “Returning Diaspora?” • Hardening of Space? • Reclamation of Traditional Culture? • Resource Exploitation?

  38. Years Quota - Families General Estimate of People Based on the Number Families % of Fulfillment 1993 10,000 60,000 76.5 1994 7,000 42,000 51.5 1995 5,000 30,000 66.6 1996 4,000 24,000 63.6 1997 2,200 13,200 56.0 1998 3,000 18,000 53.4 1999 500 3,000 56.0 2000 500 3,000 91.6 2001 600 3,600 Quota for Diasporic Return Throughout the 1990s Source: Kunayatuly 2000, 17

  39. Settlement Planning • Quota imposed on Diasporic Return • Availability of Housing

  40. Abandoned Housing

  41. Settlement Planning • Quota Imposed on Diasporic Return • Availability of Housing • Availability of Jobs

  42. Map of Pastoral Industry Regions

  43. Satisfaction with Resettlement • Problems faced by Oralmandar • Solutions to Problems • The Future of the Oralmandar

  44. Oralmandar:Labeled and ‘Othered’ Secondary Migrations: • Social Networks – Aga Network

  45. Oralmandar ‘Othering’ Social Networks – Aga Network • Sub-National Homelands (Diasporic Communities) • Climatic Similarity

  46. Kin-state Diaspora

  47. Cultural Purity?

  48. Film Excerpt • Characters • Kazakh Maiden/Grandmother • Atumtai (Officer + Father of Zamanai) • Zamanai (Son of Kaz Maiden and Atumtai) • Amanai (Son of Zamanai – Born in China) • Alima (Wife of Zamanai - Mother of Amanai)

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