Review questions

1. Review questions

2. Biology

3. 1. Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain? • A. Visual cortex in the frontal lobe • B. Visual cortex in the temporal lobe. • C. Sensory cortex in the parietal lobe. • D. Visual cortex in the occipital lobe. • E. Cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe Answer: D

4. 2. Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the: • A. motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. • B. motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere • C. sensorimotor cortex in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere. • D. motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere. • E. motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere. Answer: B

5. 3. Deafness can result from damage to the inner ear or damage to what area of the brain? • A. Connections between the auditory nerve and the auditory cortex in the frontal lobe • B. Connections between the auditory nerve and the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. • C. Connections between the areas of the sensory cortex that receive messages from the ears and the auditory cortex. • D. Connections between the hypothalamus and the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. • E. Connections between the left and right sensory areas of the cerebellum. Answer: B

6. 4. According to the theory of evolution, why might we call some parts of the brain the old brain and some parts the new brain? • A. Old brain parts are what exist in very young children, and the new brain develops later. • B. The old brain developed first according to evolution. • C. The old brain becomes more active as we grow older. • D. The new brain deals with new information, while the old brain deals with information gathered when we were children. • E. The old brain is most affected by age deterioration (dementias) while the new brain remains unaffected. Answer: B

7. 5. What chemicals pass across the synaptic gap and increase the possibility the next neuron in the chain will fire? • A. synaptic peptides • B. inhibitory neurotransmitters • C. adrenaline-type exciters • D. excitatory neurotransmitters • E. potassium and sodium Answer: D

8. 6. You had some bad sushi and feel that you are slowly losing control over your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from the bad sushi most likely interferes with the use of: • A. serotonin • B. insulin • C. acetylcholine • D. thorazine • E. adrenaline Answer: C

9. 7. Antidepressant drugs like Prozac are often used to treat mood disorders. According to what you know about their function, which neurotransmitter system do these types of drugs try to affect? • A. serotonin • B. adrenaline • C. acetylcholine • D. endorphins • E. morphine Answer: A

10. 8. Which sentence most closely describes neural transmission? • A. An electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell. • B. A chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced, and the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells. • C. The electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding cells. • D. Neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric changes in the cerebral cortex. • E. Neural transmission is an electrochemical process both inside and outside the cell. Answer: A

11. 9. When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity they are talking about: • A. the brain’s ability to quickly regrow damaged neurons • B. the surface texture and appearance caused by the layer known as the cerebral cortex. • C. the brain’s versatility caused by the millions of different neural connections. • D. our adaptability to different problems ranging from survival needs to abstract reasoning. • E. new connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections. Answer: E

12. Sensation and Perception

13. 1. The cochlea is responsible for: • A. protecting the surface of the eye • B. transmitting vibrations received by the eardrum to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup • C. transforming vibrations into neural signals • D. coordinating impulses from the rods and cones in the retina • E. sending messages to the brain about orientation of the head and body. Answer: C

14. 2. The blind spot in our eye results from: • A. the lack of receptors at the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina. • B. the shadow the pupil makes on the retina • C. competing processing between the visual cortices in the left and right hemisphere • D. floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina • E. retinal damage from bright light Answer: A

15. 3. Weber’s law determines: • A. absolute threshold • B. focal length of the eye • C. level of subliminal messages • D. amplitude of sound waves • E. just-noticeable difference Answer: E

16. 4. If you had sight in only one eye, which of the following depth cues would you NOT use? • A. texture gradient • B. convergence • C. linear perspective • D. interposition • E. shading Answer: B

17. 5. Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation and perception? • A. Sensation is strictly a mechanical process, while perception is a cognitive process. • B. Perception is an advanced form of sensation. • C. Sensation happens in the senses, while perception happens in the brain. • D. Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected. • E. Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not. Answer: D

18. 6. What function does the retina serve? • A. The retina contains the visual receptor cells. • B. The retina focuses light coming in the eye through the lens. • C. The retina determines how much light is let into the eye. • D. The retina determines which rods and cones will be activated by incoming light • E. The retina connects the two optic nerves and sends impulses to the left and right visual cortices. Answer: A

19. Fovea?

20. 7. What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense? • A. integrating what we see and hear • B. writing our name • C. repeating a list of digits • D. walking a straight line with our eyes closed • E. reporting to a researcher the exact position and orientation of our limbs. Answer: D

21. 8. Color blindness and color afterimages are best explained by what theory of color vision? • A. trichromatic theory • B. visible hue theory • C. opponent process theory • D. dichromatic theory • E. binocular disparity theory Answer: C

22. Color theories • Opponent Process theory • Opposing retinal processes • Red/Green, Yellow/Blue, White/Black • Cell might be stimulated by red, but inhibited by green • Afterimages • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory • Retina has 3 color receptors • red, green, blue • When stimulated together, they can produce the perception of any color

23. Hearing theories • Place Theory • We hear different pitches b/c • Different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea • Frequency Theory • Our cochlea is not neatly organized like that • We hear different pitches b/c • The brain reads the frequency of neural impulses

24. Must know words • Absolute threshold vs. subliminal • Difference threshold (JND) • Sensory adaptation • Gestalt and grouping • Rods vs cones • Eye parts • Selective Attention • Inattentional Blindness/Change Blindness • Vestibular vs. kinesthetic • Shape and color constancy