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Back to History: Summer Institute

Back to History: Summer Institute. “The Great Migration” June 23, 2009 Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries. I. Pre-Emancipation African American Migration. Forced migration International (Trans-Atlantic) Domestic (Trans-American) Illegal migration Fugitive slaves/Freedom seekers Delayed migration

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Back to History: Summer Institute

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  1. Back to History:Summer Institute “The Great Migration” June 23, 2009 Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries

  2. I. Pre-Emancipation African American Migration • Forced migration • International (Trans-Atlantic) • Domestic (Trans-American) • Illegal migration • Fugitive slaves/Freedom seekers • Delayed migration • Fugitive slave act of 1850

  3. II. Defining Freedom • Freedom Rights • Definition • Origin • Primary goal

  4. III. Post-Emancipation Migration (1865-1880) • Reasons to leave • Reasons to stay • Making the most of a bad situation • Social autonomy • Access to education • Economic independence • Exodusters • Kansas • Liberia

  5. IV. The Nadir (1880-1915) • W. E. B. Du Bois • Centrality of the Black Belt • Conditions unfavorable….. • Sharecropping • Disenfranchisement • Jim Crow • Racial terrorism

  6. V. The First Great Migration • Pushed from the rural South • White supremacy • Boll weevil • Pulled to the urban North • Impact of the war on immigrant labor • Industrial jobs (steel mills, railroads, meatpacking, automobiles) • Parallel Settlement Patterns

  7. VI. African American Population Growth in Ohio, 1910-1920 • Cleveland: 8,448 – 34,351 (4.3%) • Cincinnati: 19,759-30,079 (7.5%) • Columbus: 12,739-22,181 (9.4%) • Youngstown: 1,936-6,662 (5.0%) • Toledo: 1,877-5,691 (2.3%) • Akron: 657-5,580 (2.7%) (percentage of total population)

  8. VII. The Promised Land • New Opportunities • De facto segregation • Can’t out run white supremacy • Red Summer of 1919

  9. VIII. Returning Home • The Great Depression • Limits of the New Deal • Agricultural Adjustment Act • FHA • Discrimination in Defense Industry • MOWM and EXEC Order 8802

  10. IX. The Second Great Migration • From farm to factory • 1.5 million from 1914-1945 (15%) • Follow well worn routes • Also Heading west • Detroit 1943

  11. X. The Southern Diaspora • Replicate Community • Maintain ties • Supporting the southern struggle • Leading the northern struggle

  12. XI. The Roots of the Urban Crisis • Last hired, first fired • Housing discrimination • Suburbanization • Access to opportunity denied

  13. XII. The Call to Home • Reverse migration • A new window of opportunity

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