Chapter 29.1

1. Chapter 29.1 The beginning of cold war

2. The Problems of Peace • Occupying Germany • At the Postdam Conferences Allied powers decided how to divide up Germany • The agreed on a temporary division of Germany into four zones to be ruled by the separate Allied powers • They divided up the capital of Berlin into West and East • They came up with a plan to rid Germany of any Nazi party beliefs and actions • The Nuremberg trails- allied military courts tried more than 200 Nazi and military officials for their war crimes. • They agreed on a plan for Germany to pay retributions for the destruction they caused in the war. • They came in money and industrial equipment

3. The Problem of Peace • Eastern Europe • The Allied powers had a harder time deciding what to do with Eastern Europe • The USSR occupied much of eastern Europe to put a safe guard up to protect them for another attack like that with Germany in WWII • Stalin promised to respect the governments in those eastern European countries • The US and GB believed Stalin wanted to start pro-communist gov’ts in these countries • Tensions began to rise

4. The Conflict Worsens • The Struggle Begins • Soon the US and the USSR entered an era of tension and hostility which became known as the Cold War • Cold War was between communism and capitalist democracy • Stalin began to set up communist governments throughout Eastern Europe • He failed to pull his troops out of Iran, which he had occupied during WWII • In Feb 1946 Stalin said a war with the west was inevitable • Churchill then referred to the division between the East and the West as Iron Curtain

5. The Conflicts Worsens • The West Resists • Soviet-backed Communists were threatening the gov’t of Greece and Turkey • President Truman announced his plan the Truman Doctrine which pledged to provide economic and military aid to oppose the spread of communism. • The first sent hundred of millions of dollars to Greece and Turkey • Most of Europe was in economic turmoil because of the war. Truman enacted the Marshall plan which gave 13 billion dollars to help rebuild Europe. This was done in hopes that people would not turn to communism • The plan helped Europe make a rapid recovery

6. Cold War Confrontations • Crisis in Berlin • The occupation of Germany was meant to be temporary • By 1947 The US, GB and France decided to take their sections of Germany and form the nation of Germany and set up a democratic gov’t. They also wanted to do this on their side of Berlin. The USSR was very opposed to this • In June 1948 The USSR cut of land, rail, and water routes to Berlin • The 2 million Berlin residents were no longer allowed to import good that they needed • The USSR did this in hope the West would pull out of Berlin • The West began airlifting goods into Berlin. Every 30 seconds s cargo plane was taking off or landing in Berlin • The Berlin airlifts were successful and The USSR called off the blockade

7. Cold War Confrontations • New Nations and Alliances • After the crisis Western Germany formed the Federal Republic of West Germany and Eastern zone German democratic Republic or East Germany • During the Berlin Crisis two alliances were formed • NATO- National Atlantic Treaty Organizations to counter act the spread of communism • Warsaw Pact- The Soviet Union and other Communist Eastern European countries.

8. Cold War Confrontations • War in Korea • After the Japanese surrendered at the end of WWII the Allied powers gain Korea • The USSR and The United States divided the country temporarily • The Soviets soon established s communist gov’t in the North and The US supported a non-communist regime in the South • North Korea attacked South Korea wanting to unite Korea under one communist gov’t • The US wanted to stop the spread of communism and called on the UN for help • A military made up of 17 nations went in to defend South Korea • The North Koreans quickly invaded South Korea • Once General MacArthur led the troops in the South they pushed the North Koreans back into the North and thought they would soon win the war • However, Communist Chinese forces helped the North Koreas push the South Koreans into the South • By 1951 the war settled into a stalemate • The 38th Parallel is still recognized as a demilitarized zone marking the division between North and South Korea.

9. Chapter 29.2 Superpower rivalries

10. The Arms Race • Nuclear Arms Race • In 1949 the Soviets succesfully tested an atomic bomb and ruined the advantage the US had over the USSR • The US wanted to create a more powerful bomb • 1952 The US tested the first fusion-powered hydrogen bomb • A year later the Soviets tested their first hydrogen bomb • Because of this both countries began to stockpile nuclear weapons • They were central to each side’s defense strategy of deterrence-deterring the opposing side from attacking • The two were locked in an arm race

11. The Arms Race • USSR launches Sputnik • In October 1957 the Soviets gained the advantage in the arms race by launching Sputnik- the first artificial satellite-an object that orbits the earth • This made the US realize they did not have the technological advantage • The US established NASA which would help the become the forefront of space research

12. The Arms Race • Public Fears • Many people feared nuclear war • They built bomb shelters • Schools had air-raid drills • Many books, comics, and movies were centered around nuclear disaster • It led to the Red-Scare • Senator McCarthy led congressional committees to expose Communist in American government and film industry • Hollywood Ten • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taancRcLQ8o

13. Cold War Around the World • Another Crisis in Berlin • When democratic west Germany and Communist East Germany formed in 1949 many East Germans crossed over into West Germany • Many went to live in West Germany while others were seeking work as many as 1,000 people daily would go into West Berlin for work • The East Germans began building a barrier to prevent people from going into West Berlin, this is known as the Berlin Wall • If someone tried to cross they risked being shot down • The Berlin Wall symbolized the brutality of the communist system

14. Cold War Around the World • Communism in Cuba • In 1959 Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba’s dictatorship and installed a communist government • Castro forged alliances with the Soviet Union • This brought the cold war within 90 miles of the US • The US trained 1,500 Cubans who had fled Castro regime to go back into Cuba and take down Castro • In 1961 forces came ashore at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs • Americans thought this would lead to an uprising in Cuba but they invaders were quickly defeated • In 1962 The Soviet Union wanted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba • There was a 2 week stand off between The Soviets and The US and it was the closest we came to nuclear war during The Cold War • The standoff ended when the Soviets agreed to take their nuclear weapons out of Cuba if America took theirs out of Turkey and agreed to not invade Cuba

15. Attempts at Arms Control • Early Arms Control • In 1955 Eisenhower proposed the open sky policy which was shut down by the Soviets • Soviets proposed periodical totally nuclear disarmament which the US rejected • JFK proposed limiting nuclear testing • In 1963 Both countries agreed on the Test Ban Treaty- outlawed Nuclear testing in the atmosphere in outer space and underwater • SALT I and II • In 1968 Nixon started Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) with the Soviet Union • These talk led to the limitations of nuclear weapons each superpower had • ABM Treaty which banned weapons being made that could shoot down nuclear missiles

16. Attempts at Arms Control • 1980’s • Ronald Reagan took office in 1980 and took a strong stance against the Soviet Union • Wanted to start building missile defense systems • Had arms reduction talks with Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev • Both sides sign INF treaty which limited the type of missiles that could be created • For the first time the relations between the two countries were beginning to improve

17. Chapter 29.3 Changing Societies

18. North America • The U.S. Economy • After WWII the Us economy enjoyed great success • By 1960 all US goods and services were two and half times greater than in 1940 • This was driven by consumer spending • By 1970 the economy dropped because of inflation and a high unemployment rate • Middle East supply most of the oil to the world and esp the US • In the 1970’s events disrupted the supply of oil and sky rocketed the cost of energy for the USand drove the prices of other things higher • The economy did not improve until the 1980’s • However the gov’t was spending more than it received in taxes which grew the nations debt • In the 70’s and 80’s American companies had to compete with other countries for business which also hurt the economy • Many industrial factories shut down and entire towns lost their jobs • However the technological advances in the 80’s allowed other industries to be successful like banking, healthcare, and sales

19. North America • Social Changes • In the 1950’s living standards were raised because of the booming economy and because of the GI bill, allowing more people to attend college • After the war, returning soldiers started families and started the baby boom • 1948 Truman ended segregation in the armed forces • In 1954 Brown . Board of Education ruled for the desegregation of schools • Civil Rights Campaign’s began in the 1960’s with MLK jr, James Farmer, and Malcom X • 1964 Congress passed the civil rights act and voting right act • Women’s Rights Movement was renewed in the 60’s and 70’s • Women and men should socially, politically, and economically equal • Opposed the idea that women had to be wives and mothers • Some women opposed these views and wanted to maintain the traditional family • These women were the reason the ERA bill was not passed

20. Western Europe • Alliances and Economic Unity • After WWII The US and USSR became the world powers • The NATO alliances help to unify the western world • They relied on one another for security and economic advancement • Created the common free market

21. Eastern Europe of the USSR • Postwar Soviet Union • USSR was economically and socially devastated after WWII • After the war Stalin increased the production quota to help the Soviet Union recover from the war • After Stalin died Khrushchev ‘de-stalinized’ the Soviet Union. He took down the statues of Stalin and renamed the cities. He also change some of his drastic economic and political policies • However they continued Communism and continued to limited their citizens freedom and isolate them from the West

22. Eastern Europe of the USSR • Revolts in Eastern Europe • Many Eastern European countries thought they could end Soviets communist control of them once Stalin died • The new regime made it clear that they didn’t intend of leaving those countries • Revolts happened in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia • Glasnot and Perstroika • Turn to page 892

23. Chapter 29.4 After the cold war

24. The Breakup of the Soviet Union • The Soviet Union Collapses • The Soviet Union was made up of 15 separate republics • By the 90’s many of these republics were fighting for their independence and The Soviet Union did not have the power or will it once had to stop them • 1991 hard line Communist Party wanted to end Gorbachev’s reforms and planned a coup • The coup failed but it basically eliminated any power Gorbachev had • By the end of 1991 12 republics had won their independence from the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union ceased to function • After 40 years the Cold War had ended

25. The Breakup of the Soviet Union • Economic Changes • After the fall of the Soviet Union came the fall of communism in the former republics and now Russia. • In Russia the new leader Yeltsin began capitalist reforms to free the market • The market reforms were not immediately successful • The road from communism to capitalism was not easy • There economy did not pick up until the early 2000’s • The rest of Eastern Europe faced the same problem • Many were unemployed and starving

26. Europe After Communism • European Union • The EU was established to build unity in Europepolitically and economically • The economy was Europe is large enough to rival that of the US • However not all nations are equal in the economies and some wealthier nations think they may suffer because of their unity with the poorer countries

27. The United States Today • The Economy • 1990’s the economy was a success unemployment was down and the federal budget was balanced • Much the success came from the Clinton administration and technological advances that improved production rates • The internet and internet based businesses boosted the economy • In the early 2000’s energy prices increased gov’t spending and the national debt rose • We are now in more debt then we ever have been • The income gap is wider than it has ever been and is the worst out of any other industrial country

28. The United States Today • New Conflicts • In the 90’s Saddam Hussein threatened the oil supply in his neighbors Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. • He invaded Kuwait and refused to leave • The US led a multi nation army into Kuwait to free them from Hussein known as the Persian Gulf War • The US was successful and Hussein left Kuwait and agreed to strict military limitations

29. The United States Today • The War on Terror • Beginning in the 90’s the US saw terrorist attacks • 1993 the bombing of the world trade center • 1998 bombing of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania • The attacks were being led by al Qaeda and extremist Islamic terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden • He claimed his goal was to have a world wide Islamic revolution which required the destruction of the US • They launched their attack on September 11th 2001. They hick jacked a passenger plane and crashed them into the World Trade Center and Pentagon and one plane crashed in rural PA • 3,000 people died in the attack

30. The United States Today • War on Terror (continued) • In reaction to 9/11 The US attacked Afghanistan and their governing group the Taliban which harbored al Qaeda • We then attacked Iraq and Hussein who had chemical weapons and also supported anti-American terrorist groups • In 2003 The US toppled the Iraqi government but failed to fine the stockpiles of biological and chemical weapons or any proof that Hussein was involved with 9/11 • The US continued to occupy Iraq and help rebuild a gov’t, specifically a democracy • Many people in Iraq opposed the US occupation and the US soon realized the rebuilding of Iraq would take years

31. The United States Today • War on Terror (continued) • This book was published in 2007 create a slide with information on the “War on Terror” from 2007-present day