Chapter 13: Westward Expansion

Chapter 13:Westward Expansion How did westward expansion change the geography of the nation and demonstrate the determination of its people? Pictures From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sager_orphans and http://www-tc.pbs.org/americanprophet/images/joseph-smith.jpg?Log=0

Section 1: The West What cultures and ideas influenced the development of the West? Westward Ho! Pictures From: http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/ushistory/19thcentury/manifestdestiny4.htm and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:John_O'Sullivan.jpg

What Was “The West”? • Before the early 1800’s the west was the area between the Appalachian Mts. and the Mississippi River. • After the By the 1820’s the frontier “The West was the land west of the Mississippi River. • It was the area in the Louisiana Purchase Territory and Oregon Country • Frontier- the land that forms the farthest extent of a nations settled regions

“North America in 1830” • Which nations had claims on Oregon? • Great Britain/England and the US • What countries would the United States have to deal with to gain more land on the Pacific Coast? What methods might the United States use to gain this land? • Mexico and Great Britain; War, diplomacy

The Great Plains • Between the Mississippi River and The Rocky Mts. • Farmers did not like the area at first because it was hard to break the sod ground • Many considered the area a way to get to the northwest or Southwest Pictures From: http://www.eco-pros.com/images/Ecosystems/ADY60018plains.JPG and http://tornado.sfsu.edu/Geosciences/StormChasing/cases/ChaseLogs/2006/May21/Images/GreatPlainsB.jpg

The Northwest • Settlers were attracted to fertile land • Great Britain and the US controlled this territory that is now Washington State and Oregon

The Southwest • Known as Spanish Borderlands • Present day CA, NV, NM, TX, AR, CO, UT • Vast Cultural influences- Spanish, N-A’s shared their cultures Pictures From: http://library.shu.edu/gallery/hill-Southwest_landscape_white_house_ruin_AZ.jpg and http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/american_west/images/Grand%20Canyon.jpg

Spanish Controlled Mexico • Before 1800’s Spanish controlled Mexico and its borderlands • They set up mercantilism and they had a strict Social Class System- Peninisulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, African Americans, Slaves • Junipero Serro set up a missionary to convert N-A’s to Catholicism

Mexico Wins Independence • 1821 Mexico declares Independence • Rancheros were given individual grants from the Mexican govt. • Mexican govt. removed missionaries and gave that land to the rancheros

MANIFEST DESTINY! • By the 1840’s many Americans felt it was their RIGHT, their DUTY, to expand all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific • “From sea to shining sea” • John O’Sullivan made the idea of manifest Destiny publicly known and encouraged by printing a column in his newspaper “Westward Ho!” became the theme

Section 2: Trails To The West Why did people go west and what challenges did they face? Pictures From: http://www.kshs.org/places/kawmission/eurosantafetrail.htm and

The Santa Fe Trail • The first Americans to move west were traders • They wanted new markets to sell their goods

Santa Fe Trail • 1821 Captain William Becknell brought a wagon full of supplies from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico • Becknell had to cross raging rivers, deal with wild animals, mountains, desert, and much more Pictures From: http://steamboattimes.com/artwork_1.html

Oregon Fur Trade • John Jacob Astor was a German immigrant who sent the first American fur trading expedition to Oregon Country • American Fur Trading Co in 1808 was established • Astor became a millionaire John Jacob Astor Pictures From: http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oldwest/John%20Jacob%20Astor.jpg and http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-oldwest/ReturningToCamp1880-500.jpg AND http://www.joevenusartist.com/Images/Snap-sm.jpg

Mountain Men • Mountain men were fur trappers from the west • Mountain men led dangerous, lonely lives • Jebediah Smith was a famous mountain man who supposedly had wild adventures • Rendezvous – a meeting where trappers would trade furs for supplies

Oregon Trail • The FIRST easterners to build permanent homes in Oregon were MISSIONARIES • 1830’s missionaries began traveling west to convert Native Americans to Christianity • Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were the first to set up a mission in Oregon

Section 3: Conflict With Mexico What were the causes and effects of the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War? General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Stephen Austin Battle of the Alamo Pictures From: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/mexican-war/pictures/santa-ana.jpg and http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-texas/AlamoBattle.jpg , http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-texas/AlamoBattle.jpg

Texas Wins Independence! • 1820 Spanish governor gives Moses Austin land in what is now present-day Texas • Moses dies before he gets there and his son Stephen Austin takes a small group to colonize the territory • Soon after Mexico wins independence from Spain

Stephen Austin “Father of Texas” • Mexican government agrees to continue to honor Austin’s claim to the land • Austin agrees that he and his colonists will become Mexican citizens • In doing so he agrees to worship in the Roman Catholic church

Growing Conflict • 1,000’s of Americans flock to Texas • New settlers are protestant and do not want to become Catholics • Many of the new settlers are slave holders and slavery was not allowed in Mexico • For a while Mexico tolerates the violations of its laws but tensions grow fast

Declaring Independence • Tensions grow and Texans want more representation in the Mexican legislature • Tejanos – Texans of Mexican decent • Tejanos had been hoping for a more democratic government in Mexico • Instead they get General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Texans at War • Stephen Austin urges Texans to revolt against the dictator Santa Anna • In 1836 Texans declare independence from Mexico • Republic of Texas is created (They are their own country) “Lone Star Republic”

Texans At War • Santa Anna laid siege at The Alamo • Siege is an attack in which one force surrounds a city or fort • Defenders at the Alamo- Davy Crocket, Jim Bowie, William B Travis, with several others defended the Alamo for 12 days • They were ill equipped and ended up surrendering

Texans At War • After the massacre at the Alamo Sam Houston led a small army in a surprise attack on Santa Anna at San Jacinto • Texans shouted “Remember the Alamo!” • After only 18 minutes Santa Anna was captured and Sam Houston and the Texans were victorious at the Battle of San Jacinto Pictures From: http://texashistory.info/Sam-Houston.html

Republic of Texas • Sam Houston became President of Texas • Houston wanted the US to annex (add on) Texas to the US • Problem- Texas was a slave state so the issue of slavery is dividing the nation further • Southerners were for annexation- northerners against • President Andrew Jackson and Marten Van Buren refused to support Annexation

Annexing Texas and Oregon • During the Presidential election of 1844 the annexation of Texas became a hot topic • President John Tyler favored annexation • But Tyler was not nominated for a 2nd term • Whigs nominate Henry Clay- he hoped to avoid the issue • James K Polk for the Democrats wanted both Texas and Oregon annexed

James K Polk’s Campaign Pictures From: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our- first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/955pres6.gif

California Gold Rush Levi Strauss

Chapter 13: Westward Expansion