Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Stronger/more powerful nations overtaking weaker ones What is it?

3. 1700s

4. Industrial Revolution – need more resources!! • Power hungry – show industrial/military strength • Advances in transportation and communication – easier to control • New economic and political power Why?

5. Economic Interests • Political/Military • Humanitarian/Religious • Social Darwinism Motives

6. Weakness of non-western states • Advantages of westerners: • Strong economy • Well-organized gov’t • Powerful armies/Navy • Technological and medical advances How were westerners able to dominate so quickly?

7. Resisting Imperialism/Western Domination • Revolts • Organize nationalist movements to get rid of westerners Results

8. Forms of Imperial Rule Indirect Rule Direct Rule • Impose western culture • French - French officials • Local rulers/sultans/chiefs govern  get educated by westerners • British

9. Forms of Imperial Rule (cont.) Sphere of Influence Protectorate • Local rulers follow advice of westerners (trade, missionary activities, etc.) • Outside power has all of the rights to trading privileges • China – carved out amongst many powers to avoid conflicts among themselves

11. Africa Explain European contact with Africa up to this point? What have we discussed so far?

12. Age of Exploration? • Cape Colony (Cape of Good Hope) – Control from the Dutch to the British; Boers resent British laws/customs so they migrate north and encounter the Zulus • Slave trade – mostly outlawed; US freed slaves – Liberia (independent republic)

13. European Domination • Move into Africa’s interior (transportation/medical advances) • Missionaries – paternalistic view of Africans • Map interior, trade, spread Christianity, gain wealth/fame

14. HURRY!!! Get your colony!! • King Leopold II (Belgium) – Control of Congo leads to Europe wanting a piece of the pie! • Berlin Conference – westerners divide up Africa diplomatically (no Africans were invited) • New borders, no regard for tribal lines/cultures/religions

16. Results? • Exploitation of the raw materials/resources • Brutalization of villagers • Forced to work for little to no pay • Beatings/mutilations • Little to no role in gov’t • Wealth went back to Europe, not to the natives • Invasions/bloodshed • African resistance • Burning of crops/starvation to show strength of west • Ethiopia modernized so was able to fight off the Italians – they remain free

17. How does this cartoon relate to what we have been discussing?

18. Boer War • Boers  descendants of Dutch settlers • 1814 British take the Cape Colony from the Dutch • Discovery of gold/diamonds in Boer land leads to conflict w/ GB • Guerrilla warfare – GB wins • New Gov’t run by whites and sets up a system of complete racial segregation (apartheid until 1993)

19. Muslim Region Ottomans in the Middle East Safavids in Persia Mughals in India

21. Decline of All 3 Empires… • Central gov’ts lost control, corruption was widespread, etc. • Europeans won favorable trading rights • Rise of reform movements including Wahhabi in Arabia (purity and simplicity in Muhammad’s original teachings)

22. Who was an infamous leader who practiced the Wahhabi faith?

23. Problems for the Ottomans • Local rulers increasing in power • Economic issues • Corruption • Nationalism in multi-ethnical empire • Revolts • Reforms were rejected (Young Turks thought that reforms were the only way to save empire)

24. Armenian Genocide • Armenians – Christians • Muslim Turks accused the Armenians of supporting the Russians against the Ottoman Empire • Armenians protested against Ott. Policies • Sultan had thousands then killed • Over 25 yrs.  600,000 – 1.5 million Armenians were killed/died from disease and starvation

27. Egypt • Semi – independent from Ottomans in early 1800s • Success due to Muhammad Ali • “Father of Modern Egypt” • Political/econ. Reforms = + world trade • Built western/modern army

28. Suez Canal • After Ali’s death, Egypt became increasingly under foreign control • French organized a company to build canal • Egypt couldn’t afford to repay loans so they sold shares in the canal – GB bought the shares • GB made Egypt a protectorate

29. Persia • Dictatorship but made reforms • Russia wanted to protect southern border/expand • GB wanted to protect interests in India • 1900’s = OIL!!!! • Russia and GB granted concessions (special rights given to foreign powers) – sent troops to protect interests • Persian nationalists = outraged

30. India “The Crown Jewel” • Mughal Empire – gave trading rights to the British East India Company • In decline b/c of diversity (not unable to unite vs. British) • Inferior weapons

31. SepoyRebellion • Sepoys (Indian soldiers) – required to serve overseas (offense vs. high-caste Hindu religion) • Hindu women were now able to remarry under GB law • New rifle cartridges – greased with animal fat (cow and pig) which had to be bitten off to load them into rifles Problems

32. Results: • Sepoys brutally massacred British men, women and children • GB crushed revolt – revenge = torch villages/kill unarmed Indians • Left fear, hatred and mistrust on both sides • India now under direct British rule, sent more troops and increased taxes

33. Impact of the British: Positive Negative Improved infrastructure Education/legal structure Medical improvements Social changes (equality/end slavery /caste systems) Banned sati Tried to force Hindus/ Muslims to convert to Christianity Unjust imprisonments (Sepoys) Destroyed villages Death toll Taxed Indians to pay the cost of British troops Turned to unskilled labor Deforestation Farms – grew cash crops, not food

34. Indian Nationalism Grows • Indian National Congress – wanted self rule but western-style modernization • Grew increasingly Hindu controlled • Muslim League – formed to protect interests of Muslims once INC was gaining control by Hindus • Separate Hindu and Muslim state or cooperation in the future for India??

35. China • Previously had strict limits on foreign trade (had a favorable balance of trade/trade surplus) • China entered a period of decline • Industrial Rev = West needs more (raw materials, trade, etc.) and gave them superior military power

36. Opium War • British merchants making large profits (mostly in silver) selling opium from India for tea – hurting the Chinese economy • Chinese became addicted to the drug • Chinese gov’t outlawed the drug/executed drug dealers • Chinese warships conflicted w/ British merchants starting the Opium War • China was easily defeated due to tech advances of GB

37. Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) • Unequal treaty • Britain received large indemnity (payment for the loss in war) • GB gained Hong Kong • GB gained 5 ports and extraterritoriality (live under own laws/tried in own courts)

38. Taiping Rebellion • Problems – Qing dynasty in decline, flooding, population explosion, $ to imperial court, tax evasion by rich, corruption… • Peasants rebelled as a response • After 14 yrs., the gov’t crushed the rebellion (deaths of 20-30 million) • Qing gov’t in power but now has to share rule, Europe took opportunity to seize more control

39. Reform? • China begins to modernize some –doesn’t have a lot of gov’t / citizen support • Late 1800s = Sino-Japanese War • Japan wins control of Taiwan • Revealed China’s weakness • Spheres of Influence • Open Door Policy • No one consulted the Chinese

40. Spheres of Influence in China How does this political cartoon explain what we’ve just been talking about?

42. Boxer Rebellion • Anger grew • Christian missionaries threatening Chinese Confucianism • foreign presence • Secret society – named Boxers by foreigners b/c of martial arts • Drive out the “foreign devil” • Boxers attacked foreigners across China • Westerners and Japanese united – Boxers defeated

43. Results • China makes more concessions • More reforms – education, economically, socially • Chinese nationalism spread – want a stronger gov’t • REPUBLIC – President Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)

44. Japan

45. Tokugawa Japan • 1603 Tokugawa family takes power • Reimposed feudalism • Closed ports to foreigners • Forbade citizens to travel abroad • Nagasaki – port w/ limited trade w/ Dutch • Japan - isolation

46. Japan Opens up • Matthew Perry (US) – Treaty of Kanagawa – Japan agrees to open 2 ports • US won extraterritoriality and Europeans wanted the same – Japan feared they would soon be like China • Revolt put 15 yr. old Meiji “enlightened rule” in power; moved capital to Edo and renamed it Tokyo

47. Meiji restoration • Goal  strengthen Japan • Studied western ways and adapt them to Japanese needs • Replaced feudal Japan with a new political and social system with modern industry/econ.

48. Modernization • Centralized government – constitution (all were equal) but emperor had absolute power, a legislature (diet), limited voting rights • Powerful banking and industrial families emerged; industry boomed, population grew • Successful b/c of homogeneous society – common language/culture • Revised the unequal treaties before the turn of the century

49. Japan’s military strength • Lacked resources / wanted to be = to the west • Korea was isolated  “Hermit Kingdom” • Japan forced Korea to open to trade/accept unequal treaties • Competition over Korea led to the Sino-Japanese War – Japan easily won and took control of Taiwan • Japan challenged Russia for Korea and Manchuria – Russo-Japanese War • Treaty of Portsmouth – Japan won Korea/parts of Manchuria • 1st time an Asian power won over a European nation