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Rocks

Rocks. A rock is a hard material made of one or more minerals. Or anything that when you pick it up and throw it at someone it produces the reaction: "Owww! Why did you hit me in the head with a rock?" The dictionary is no use here:

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Rocks

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  1. Rocks

  2. A rock is a hard material made of one or more minerals Or anything that when you pick it up and throw it at someone it produces the reaction: "Owww! Why did you hit me in the head with a rock?" The dictionary is no use here: Rockn: a large mass of stone; a concreted mass of stony material; consolidated mineral matter I love this one: something like a rock in firmness By the way, a stone is " a piece of rock"! A rock can be made of only one mineral entirely (monomineralic) or a mixture of many minerals (polymineralic)

  3. 3 groups of rocks • A rock is a group of minerals joined together in some way • Igneous – formed by the cooling & solidification of molten rock (magma) • Sedimentary – formed by the compaction & cementation of layers of sediment (rock fragments, organic remains, chemical deposits) • Metamorphic – formed when existing rocks are CHANGED by intense heat & pressure

  4. Igneous Rocks ESRT page 6

  5. Igneous rocks form from the cooling or SOLIDIFICATION of magma (melted rock) The RECRYSTALLIZATIONof minerals is evident in Igneous Rocks

  6. LIQUID HOT MAGMA • Magmais a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and gas • It is characterized by a wide range of chemical compositions, with high temperature, and  properties of a liquid • Magmas are less dense than surrounding rocks, and will therefore move upward

  7. If magma makes it to the surface it will erupt and later crystallize to form an extrusive or volcanic rock • If it crystallizes before it reaches the surface it will form an igneous rock at depth called a plutonic or intrusive igneous rock • Because cooling of the magma takes place at a different rate, the crystals that form and their texture exhibit different properties

  8. intrusive igneous rocks • Form by the cooling of magma UNDERGROUND • “IN” –trusive Also known as PLUTONIC

  9. Underground cooling is SLOWER • Rock crystals are LARGE & have a coarse texture

  10. gabbro pegmatite granite

  11. Granite Mineral Composition

  12. extrusive igneous rocks • Forms from the cooling of LAVA (magma that has reached earth’s surface)

  13. Lava flows forming extrusive igneous rocks (obsidian)

  14. Cools QUICKLY(exposed to colder air) • Rock crystals are SMALL and rocks have a fine/glassy texture

  15. Shiprock, NM An intrusive igneous rock formation called a “volcanic neck”

  16. Pumice is an Extrusive Igneous Rock that is VESICULAR (has gas pockets).Because pumice formed so quickly, the rock formed around the pockets of gas, creating “holes” in the rock. This allows the rock to float in water because of its lower density!

  17. Key idea: The texture of the igneous rock is determined by the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral crystals!

  18. FELSIC MAGMA Light colored Thick (high viscosity) Contains high amounts of silica Granite MAFIC MAGMA Dark colored Thin (low viscosity) Contains high amount of magnesium & iron Basalt types of magma

  19. the “bells & whistles” for identifying an IGNEOUS rock Igneous rocks have obvious CRYSTALS!!! So if you see minerals, it’s probably igneous!

  20. sedimentary rocks

  21. Formation: • Sedimentary rocks form from the COMPACTION & CEMENTATION of rock fragments • Rock fragments are “glued” together by a matrix of calcite, silica, or iron oxide

  22. 3 types of sedimentary rocks • CLASTIC – formed from fragments of other rocks • Sandstone, Conglomerate • CHEMICAL – formed from the mineral precipitates of evaporated seawater • Rock Salt • ORGANIC – formed from the remains of plants & animals with rock fragments • Coal, Fossil Limestone

  23. CLASTIC • Formed when rock fragments & sediment are carried & deposited by WIND, GLACIERS, & RUNNING WATER • Sediments are DEPOSITED, then COMPACTED & finally CEMENTED together

  24. Fragments that make up these rocks come in many shapes & sizes • They are formed from PRE-EXISTING rock that has been eroded!!! • Can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic fragments

  25. Most sediment is carried byRunning Water! • The further water carries the sediment, the more ROUND & SMOOTH the particle becomes • When a stream slows down, it drops the LARGEST particles first, & the SMALLEST last (HORIZONTAL SORTING)

  26. Conglomerate – large sediments that are rounded (have been transported by a stream!) Breccia – very large sediments that are angular (note hammer for size reference)

  27. STRATIFICATION • Sandstones & Siltstones form from smaller sediments that tend to create “layers” of sediments in rocks • This is known as STRATIFICATION (layering) • There will be layers of SIMILAR colored minerals

  28. Mrs. Blanarovich getting proposed to! Angel’s Landing, Zion Nat’l Park, Utah – note rock layers (extra note – this is where my husband proposed to me – at the very top!)

  29. Red Sandstone, Utah – note distinct LAYERING of sediments (sand)

  30. Horseshoe Bend, Utah

  31. Grand Canyon Nat’l Park, Arizona – sedimentary rock formation at its best! The canyons were formed by the Colorado River cutting into the rock layers over time!

  32. CHEMICAL • Formed when dissolved minerals in seawater are deposited (seawater evaporates, leaving the minerals behind) • Usually old swamps, seas, or lakes evaporate • Also known as CRYSTALLINE because of the fine crystals • Limestone, Rock Salt, Rock Gypsum (sheetrock)

  33. Salt “Mines” - Rock Salt is being formed as the salt water evaporates from the sea.

  34. “Devil’s Golf Course” – millions of years ago this was a sea of salt water. It has been evaporating over time… …and has formed “pockets” of chemical limestone, rock salt, and rock gypsum!

  35. ORGANIC • Formed from the remains of plants & animals that are compacted • Fossil Limestone – formed when shell remains of marine organisms are cemented in fragments • Shells are made of CALCITE which reacts with acid and is a natural “cement”

  36. Brachiopod fossils in limestone Imprint of a leaf Trilobite fossils – over 250 MILLION years old!!!

  37. If peat at the bottom of a swamp is buried & compressed, coal may form Coal – note distinct layering of peat

  38. bells & whistles for sedimentary rock identification! • Stratification – “layering” of sediments • Fossils – actual remains or imprints • Ripple marks, mud cracks, etc…

  39. Ripple Marks in the Shale from running water as the rock was forming!

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