England

1. England

2. Henry VIII • Henry VIII creates the Church of England (WHY?) with Parliament’s help • Henry VIII is married 6 times; has 3 surviving children (Mary, Elizabeth, Edward) • Upon his death, Edward takes the throne (very Protestant!)

3. When Edward dies, Mary becomes queen of England (very Catholic!) • Mary dies without an heir; Elizabeth becomes queen (Protestant)

4. Queen Elizabeth I • Makes England a Protestant country • Solidifies ties to Scotland & Ireland • Made England one of the most powerful nations in Europe

5. England’s Religious Rollercoaster! Henry VIII - Catholic Henry VIII- Protestant Edward VI - Protestant Queen Mary-Catholic Elizabeth I- Protestant

6. Heyyyy! • When Elizabeth dies, the Tudor Dynasty ends • James (VI) I of Scotland becomes king; begins the Stuart Dynasty • Trouble ahead….

7. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR The English Civil War

12. The Beginning of Trouble • Started when James I took the throne after Elizabeth died • Believed he had divine right • His greatest weakness: • always asking Parliament for money to fund his extravagant lifestyle ; WHAT IS PARLIAMENT? • Parliament and the people were not always happy with his foreign policy

13. Religion vs. the Monarchy • James was head of church and state • The Puritans felt there was still too much Catholic influence in the Church of England and wanted change • James felt criticism of the church meant you were not a loyal subject and you should leave • Who were the Puritans?

14. Charles’s Abuse of Power • Charles I, Son of James, he also believed in divine right, opposed Puritans and married a Catholic • When a request for money was denied he: • Put areas under martial law • Dissolved Parliament • Quartered troops in private homes

15. Charles I • He would persecute Puritans • Thousands of Puritans went on to seek religious freedom in the American colonies • Charles further angered Scotland when he tried to force Anglican prayer on them • They were prepared to defend their freedom

16. Beginnings of War • The Scots invaded England and the Irish rebelled over the practice of land grants • Charles was in desperate need of money • He was forced to call Parliament back and they were determined to limit his power • Charles refused to agree to their demands and both sides prepared for war

17. English Civil War • Cavaliers those who supported Charles I; nobles and landowners from north • Roundheads  supporters of Parliament and Puritans; came from south • Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell • 4 yrs of conflict • Parliament won and Charles was executed

19. England’s New Government • The Rump Parliament set up a commonwealth or a republic • This parliament proved to be ineffective over time • Cromwell placed England under military rule • When he died, people wanted a change and restored the monarch under Charles II

20. Representative gov’tand individual rights would be a main focus and no more absolute monarchieswould reign!!!

21. A King returns to the Throne • Charles II: the ‘merry monarch’ • After the English Civil War & Cromwell’s 10 year rule, the Rump Parliament met to establish the English monarchy • They decide to bring back Charles II – son of Charles I: (The Restoration: 1660-1685) • Nicknamed the ‘merry monarch’: loved parties, games; supports the arts & sciences,

22. Charles’s powers are limited by a constitution (Constitutional Monarchy) A constitution defines governmental powers, as well as the rights of the people

23. Political parties in Parliament • TORIES: • Supported the “King, church & land” • Defended hereditary monarchy

24. Political Parties in Parliament • WHIGS: • Supported “life, liberty & property” • Wanted to exclude Charles’s brother James from the throne

25. Parliament at work • Habeas Corpus Act: • A person cannot be held in prison without just cause or without a trial

26. A Catholic King? • Charles II dies in 1685: his brother James II becomes king • James II is openly Catholic; he raises a Catholic army & appoints Catholics to government positions

27. The Glorious Revolution: A Bloodless Revolt! • MPs (members of Parliament) want James II to die so the throne passes to his Protestant sister Mary, married to William of Orange • However, a son is born; it would be raised as a Catholic; Parliament decides to take action

28. In 1688, Parliament invited Mary and her husband William to take the throne of England James II flees, and a ‘bloodless’ revolution takes place

29. James II lands in Ireland He gathers Irish Catholics in an attempt to take back the throne of England His attempt fails & Catholics are severely punished for supporting James

30. William & Mary rule England • New limits are placed on the monarchy • Parliament passes a Bill of Rights • Limits are placed on royal power • Guaranteed certain individual rights

31. Parliament & the Crown • England is still a monarchy, but king or queen can’t rule without Parliament’s consent • Parliament is controlled by people of property: nobles, merchants, clergy, etc… • The English throne passes to the German Hanover family

32. Parliament gets stronger • Parliament’s powers increase; they appoint a cabinet & a prime minister • The German Hanover kings rely heavily on the cabinet members and the prime minister • George III becomes king in 1760 • He fights many costly wars to expand British territory in North America • How will George pay for these wars?? Perhaps he’ll tax the American colonists…

33. SO Why should you care??? • This period of English history is HUGELY influential to the formation of the U.S. • Ideas like a Parliament, Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus, religious freedom, etc… are all an important part of how YOU live!

34. To sum up… • Tudor Dynasty: • Henry VIII  Edward  Mary  Elizabeth I  • Stuart Dynasty: • James I  Charles I (beheaded)  NO KING (11 yrs)  Charles II  James II  William & Mary  Anne  • Hanover Dynasty: • George I, II, III