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News Briefing

News Briefing. What’s going on here and there. Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio Elected on march 13 th, Pope Francis is now the 266th Roman Catholic pontiff. The New Pope. Follow up, how is the pope elected. The Papal Conclave in the Sistine Chapel. China and It’s New Leaders.

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News Briefing

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  1. News Briefing What’s going on here and there

  2. Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio Elected on march 13th, Pope Francis is now the 266th Roman Catholic pontiff The New Pope

  3. Follow up, how is the pope elected The Papal Conclave in the Sistine Chapel

  4. China and It’s New Leaders Xi Jinping, 習近平 China‘s new Communist Party chief, President ofthe PRC

  5. China and It’s New Leaders “Development is still the key to solving all our problems - we must keep economic development as the central task and give it our undivided attention” Li Keqiang, 李克強 Premier of thePRC

  6. Falklands referendum  "Do you wish the Falkland Islands to retain their current political status as an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom?" 1513 out of 1517votes

  7. North Korea

  8. International Security Lincoln Wang, shaunewang, Vivian lai

  9. Outline • What is Security • The Multi-Sum Principle • Collective Security

  10. What is Security • Measures taken by the United Nations to ensure mutual survival and safety • Includes military action and diplomatic agreements • International security is the integral of national security • “unacknowledged consensus”

  11. What is Security • Interconnected issue • Military power • Economic strength • Religious and ideological conflicts • Trade and economic conflicts • Science and Technology • Food • Human security • Infectious diseases • Climate change

  12. Historical Perspectives • Walter Lippman (1944) views security as the capability of a country to protect its core values • Arnold Wolfers (1952) argues that different nations have different expectations of security; different nations face different levels of threats • Richard Ulman (1983) has suggested that a decrease in vulnerability is security • David Baldwin (1997) argues that pursuing security sometimes requires sacrificing other values

  13. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • “in a globalized world, security can no longer be thought of as a zero-sum game involving states alone. Global security, instead, has five dimensions that include human, environmental, national, transnational, and transcultural security, and therefore, global security and the security of any state or culture cannot be achieved without good governance at all levels that guarantees security through justice for all individuals, states and cultures”

  14. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • Human Security • Environmental Security • National Security • Transnational Security • Transcultural Security

  15. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • Human Security • The proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state • UNDP’s 1994 definition • Economic Security • Food Security • Health Security • Environmental Security • Personal Security • Community Security • Political Security

  16. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • Environmental Security • Environmental viability for life support • Preventing or repairing military damage to the environment • Preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts • Protecting the environment due to its inherent moral values

  17. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • National Security • The requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power • Measures taken to ensure national security • Using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats • Marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation • Maintaining effective armed forces • Implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures • Ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure • Using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage and to protect classified information • Using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats

  18. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • Transnational Security • Organized crime • Terrorism • Human trafficking

  19. The Multi-Sum Security Principle • Transcultural Security • The difference in cultural and identity can cause conflict and disputes

  20. Collective Security • All states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using force • Forwarded by Michael Joseph Savage, Martin Wight, Immanuel Kant, and Woodrow Wilson • However, there needs to be some prerequisites…

  21. Collective Security • Morgenthau (1948) • The collective security system must be able to assemble military force in strength greatly in excess to that assembled by the aggressor thereby deterring the aggressor from attempting to change the world order defended by the collective security system • Those nations whose combined strength would be used for deterrence should have identical beliefs about the security of the world order that the collective is defending • Nations must be willing to subordinate their conflicting interests to the common good defined in terms of the common defense of all member-states

  22. Multi-Sum Security Principle Shaune To promote cooperative interaction between states that looks both inwards and outwards, but also a certain degree of cohesiveness that is required both within and be- tween countries in order to enhance stability and security.

  23. Multi-Sum Security Principle In a globalized world, security can no longer be thought of as a zero-sum game involving states alone. Global security, instead, has five dimensions that include human, environmental, national, transnational, and transcultural security, and, therefore, global security and the security of any state or culture cannot be achieved without good governance at all levels that guarantees security through justice for all individuals, states, and cultures. Zero Sum Multi-Sum Cooperative Five dimensions Strictly competitive No collaboration Involving states alone Human Environmental National Transnational Transcultural

  24. Human Security Security for whom? Security for which values? Security from what threats? Security by what means?

  25. How it Began • With the end of Cold War…the concept of security has come under scrutiny. • The framework: • Human Development Report in 1994 by the UNDP—Redefining Security: The Human Dimension • The Canadian government

  26. Security for Whom? Individual Security for the State? A people-centered view of security “A new concept of human security that is reflected in the lives of our people, not in the weapons of our country”—MahbubulHaq

  27. Security for Which Values? “Human security is a child who did not die, a disease that did not spread, a job that was not cut, an ethnic tension that did not explode in violence, a dissident who was not silenced. Human security is not a concern with weapons – it is a concern with human life and dignity...It is concerned with how people live and breathe in a society, how freely they exercise their many choices, how much access they have to market and social opportunities – and whether they live in conflict or in peace.” Human Development Report in 1994 by the UNDP—Redefining Security: The Human Dimension Safety, well-being, and dignity of individual human beings in their daily life. 7 specific values of human security

  28. Security for Which Values? An individual’s enjoyment of a basic income An individual’s access to food An individual’s freedom from diseases and access to health care. The integrity of land, air, and water Freedom from crime and violence Cultural dignity and to inter-community peace Protection against human rights violations Economic security Food security Health security Environmental security Personal security Community security Political security

  29. Security from What Threats? • Global • Population growth • Growing disparities in global income • Increasing international migration • Environmental decay • Drug trafficking • International terrorism • Local • In relation to the seven values

  30. Security by What Means? • Traditionally: security threats could be dealt with by nuclear and conventional weapons, alliances and balances of power, as well as great power and UN intervention. • Recently: A much wider range of cooperation between a greater range of actors Little place for the use of force

  31. Environmental Security Threats posed by environmental events Environment Human activities Impact of human conflict

  32. Human Verses Nature

  33. National Security

  34. Definition No single definition From military to non-military “The requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power.” Developed mostly in the USA

  35. Transnational

  36. Transcultural

  37. Case Study: Returning To Asia The US Security Strategy in Asia 2013.03.18 Vivian Lai

  38. Returning To Asia • A series of Obama policies on top and under the surface • Not return, but refocusing • Iraq, Afghanistan  South-east, East Asia

  39. First Visit : East Asia

  40. Historical Visit to Myanmar

  41. Why Asia? • China’s Rising • Two oceans • Half the world’s population • Economic engines • Largest GHG emitters • Key allies and emerging actors: China, India, Indonesia

  42. Obama Offensive • Astrategic and economic coalition of allies and partners to resist the expansion of Chinese influence • Strategic encirclement? • Defend other countries’ freedom and space • Some evidence • Allying Vietnam and Japan in conflicts • Excluding China from TPP • selling advanced F-16 C/D jet fighters to Indonesia • military base at Darwin Port in Australia

  43. Tiaoyutai/ Senkaku/ DiaoyuIsland Dispute

  44. US Past Actions • Controlled Islands 1945~1972 • Returned the islands to Japan 1972 • Treaty of defense applies “in the territories under the administration of Japan” • Japan • 2010 Chinese fishing boat & Japanese patrol ship • Increasing patrol ship number and size • Forces from north to south • Called for peace, talks…etc

  45. US Position ? • “No position on the islands” • Calls it “Senkaku Islands” • Defence • Fall under the 1960 <Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan>”in the territories under the administration of Japan” • Will defend Japan under armed attacks • Japan has to defend itself first • No direct confirmation • Harmonize U.S. interests and the need to preserve regional security  BALANCE

  46. Security Concerns • China • Trading partners (3rd place) • G-2 • First Island Chain • Japan • Dozens of military bases in Japan • Credibility • Difference in defining “being there” • Trading partners (4th place) • Resources • Oil reserves • Fishing grounds and economic waters • Nationalism

  47. South China Sea Dispute

  48. Geography

  49. Brief Summary • Sea Area and two island chains--Paracels and the Spratlys • Claimers • China — ”They have always been and should be ALL MINE!!!!” • Vietnam — “I was here earlier!! They’re MINE!!!!” • Phillipines—“Iam closer; Spratlys is mine!!!” • Malaysia and Brunei – “UNCLOS says so—give me my cookie crumbs” • Conflict began 1970s - present

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