Chapter 2: Studies of Human Learning and Memory

1. Chapter 2: Studies of Human Learning and Memory From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.

2. Medium Spiny Neuron

3. A Current Conception of the major memory systems in the brain Figure 1

4. Major Brain Regions and Temporal Lobe System Figure 2

5. Hippocampal Connectivity in the CNS Somatosensory Visual Sensory Regions Of Cortex Olfactory Auditory Perirhinal/ Entorhinal Cortex Perirhinal Cortex Entorhinal Cortex CA3 Hippocampal Formation Dentate Gyrus CA1 Figure 3

6. Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron Figure 4

7. Hippocampal Output Pathway & Intrinsic Circuit B A CA1 Entorhinal Cortex CA3 Perforant Pathway Dentate Gyrus Entorhinal Cortex CA1 Outputs Mossy Fibers C CA3 CA1 Axon Schaffer Collaterals GABAergic Interneuron CA1 Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin Amygdala, Cortex Subiculum/ Entorhinal Cortex Lateral Septum Schaffer Collaterals Figure 5

8. MRI scan of H.M. and control brain H.M. Control Figure 6

9. MRI of HM’s Brain lesions Surgeon’s Estimate of H.M.’s lesions Revised Estimate based on MRI Figure 7

10. Virtual Reality Town used in episodic memory studies F E Figure 8

11. London Taxi driver study A B Figure 9

12. Excellence in motor learning and memory Figure 10

13. Summary Scheme of interaction between motor centers Figure 11

14. Basal Ganglia in the Human Brain Figure 12

15. Pre-Frontal (Sensory) Pre-Motor Motor The Striatal Motor Learning System Cortex Striatum Caudate/Putamen/ Accumbens Substantia Nigra Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Thalamus Ventral Anterior & Ventral Lateral Nuclei Figure 13

16. Rajan Srinavasen Mahadevan Figure 14

17. 1000 Decimal places of pi 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174502841027019385211055596446229489549303819644288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881748815209209628292540917153643678925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921861173819326117931051185480744623799627495673518857527248912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027705392171762931767523846748184676694051320005681271452635608277857713427577896091736371787214684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235420199561121290219608640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185950244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881710100031378387528865875332083814206171776691473035982534904287554687311595628638823537875937519577818577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989…. Figure 15

18. Kim Peek Figure 16

19. Neuroimaging of the retrieval of the Spatial Context of an Event Blue Box 1

20. Movies Using Amnesia as a Plot Device Movie Director (plus Notable Actors) Year Anterograde Amnesia: Memento Christopher Nolan (Guy Pearce) 2001 Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton (Animated - Ellen DeGeneris as Dory) 2003 50 First Dates Peter Segal (Adam Sandler) 2004 Retrograde Amnesia: The Bourne Identity Doug Liman (Matt Damon) 2002 Total Recall Paul Verhoeven (Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sharon Stone) 1990 Spellbound Alfred Hitchcock (Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck) 1945 Eternal Sunshine Michel Gondry (Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet) 2004 of the Spotless Mind The Forgotten Joseph Ruben (Julianne Moore) 2004 Men in Black Barry Sonnenfeld (Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith) 1997 Not Sure: Mulholland Drive David Lynch (Michael J. Anderson, Diane Baker) 2001 Table 1

21. Multiple Memory Systems in the Human CNS Memory SubtypeCorresponding CNS Subregion Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex, contributions from Caudate Nucleus Declarative, Episodic, and Spatial Medial Temporal Lobe system including the Memory Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Ento-rhinal and Peri- rhinal cortices Habits, Motor Skills, Procedural Striatum (Caudate Nucleus and Putamen), Globus Memory Pallidus*, and Cerebellum Priming Occipital Cortex, Neocortex in general Aversive Associative Conditioning Amygdala Motoric Associative Conditioning Cerebellum Olfactory and Taste Conditioning Olfactory Bulb, Insular Cortex, Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS), positive and negative reinforcement systems (Amygdala or Nucleus Accumbens) Sensitization, Habituation Spinal Cord, Brainstem Nuclei, Amygdala Circadian Rhythm Hypothalamus – Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Reward, Positive Reinforcement, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) Addiction *Collectively the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus are referred to as the Basal Ganglia. Table 2

22. Memory-associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Humans Disease or Syndrome Type of Memory Affected Likely Anatomical Locus or Involved* Schizophrenia Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex Major Depression Declarative Memory ? Aging-related Dementias Long-term Declarative and Temporal Lobe Hippocampal Episodic Memory System Korsakoff’s Syndrome Long-term Declarative and Mamillary Bodies, Limbic (Alcoholism, Malnutrition) Episodic Memory System, Thalamus Huntington’s Disease and Motor Learning, Habit Learning Nigro-striatal System Parkinson’s Disease Attention Deficit Generalized or Specific Learning Frontal Lobes? Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disabilities, Dyslexia Basal Ganglia? Post-traumatic Aversive Associative Conditioning, Amygdala, Hippocampus Stress Disorder* (PTSD) Lack of Extinction Table 3

23. Major Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus Neurotransmitter Abbreviation, Synonym General role Serotonin 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine neuromodulation Dopamine DA neuromodulation Acetylcholine ACh neuromodulation Norepinephrine NE neuromodulation Gamma-amino GABA inhibitory transmission Butyric Acid Glutamate Glu excitatory transmission Table 4