PSYCHOLOGY

1. PSYCHOLOGY Social Relations Topics: prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking

2. General Objectives • Study research findings on prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking • Identify factors that contribute to each social relation

3. MODULE OBJECTIVESAfter completing their study of this module, students should be able to: • 1. Describe the social, emotional, and cognitive factors that contribute to the persistence of cultural, ethnic, and gender prejudice and discrimination. • 2. Describe the impact of biological factors, aversive events, and learning experiences on aggressive behavior. • 3. Discuss the effects of pornography and violent video games on social attitudes and relationships. • 4. Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict. • 5. Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attraction. • 6. Explain the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, and discuss how companionate love is nurtured by equity and self-disclosure. • 7. Describe and explain the bystander effect, and explain altruistic behavior in terms of social exchange theory and social norms. • 8. Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.

4. Module Objective • 1. Describe the social, emotional, and cognitive factors that contribute to the persistence of cultural, ethnic, and gender prejudice and discrimination.

5. What are the 3 general roots of prejudice? • Social • Emotional • Cognitive

6. What are the 3 general roots of prejudice? 1. Social inequalities • Ingroups & outgroups • Ingroup bias

7. 3 general roots of prejudice • Emotional a) Scapegoat theory

8. 3 general roots of prejudice 3. Cognitive roots Categorization • Vivid cases • Just-world Phenomenon

9. Social Relations • Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice

10. Prejudice • Blatant down, subtle lingers • Research: pleasant words w/pictures of faces, evaluating essays, shooting man in Bronx, speeding tickets to minority, women in poverty & w/out schooling • Fig 55.2 p. 727

11. Social Relations • Does perception change with race?

12. Social Relations • Prejudice (prejudgment) • an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members • involves stereotyped beliefs • negative feelings • a predisposition to discriminatory action

13. Prejudice • Prejudgment colors our perception • Stereotype • a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people • Ex. Overweight , Carnies, Athlete • picture of whiteman shoving a black man

14. Roots of Prejudice • Why does prejudice arise? • Social Inequalities • Develop attitudes to justify - rationalize inequalities Ex. They are slaves because they are lazy, irresponsible, & ignorant b) Self-fulfilling prophecy c) Blame the victim dynamic

15. Roots of Social Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? • Social Division What groups do you belong to? • Ingroup “Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity (cliques) • Outgroup “Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup

16. Social Division continued c) Ingroup Bias • tendency to favor one’s own group • Dispised outgroups can boost ingroups self esteem • Feeling failure or insecurity? Restored by disparaging a rival or another person • Bully behavior

17. Roots of Emotional Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? 3. Emotional roots a) Scapegoat Theory • theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame • When things go wrong we look to blame • Temporary frustration intensifies prejudice

18. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice 4. Cognitive roots • a) Categorize • Stereotypes bias our perception • Ex. Game on radio w/ black vs. white pict • Overestimate similarity with groups other than our own • Ex. Penguins • b) Vivid Cases (available heuristic) • Tendency to judge frequency of events by instances the readily come to mind

19. Social Relations • Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

20. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice c. Just-World Phenomenon • tendency of people to believe the world is just • people get what they deserve and deserve what they get • Good rewarded, Evil punished also connected to Hindsight bias

21. Module Objective • 2. Describe the impact of biological factors & psychological factors such as aversive events, and learning experiences on aggressive behavior. • 3. Discuss the effects of pornography and violent video games on social attitudes and relationships.

22. Stat • You have a lower chance of being murdered if you live outside the U.S. • Why is the U.S. more prone to violence?

23. What is Aggression? • Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

24. Biology of Aggression • Genetic Influences Animals have been bred for aggression Twin studies suggest gene influence also • Neural Influence violent criminals have diminished activity in frontal lobe • Biochemical Influences Hormones - testosterone

25. Psychology of Aggression • Aversive Events Frustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression examples of aversive stimuli: hot temp, physical pain, insult

26. Psychology of Aggression 2. Learned behavior • reinforcement for aggressive behavior • observation • social influence (lack of father)

27. Social Relations

28. Sexual Aggression & media • What are the effects of pornography and violent shows & video games on social attitudes and relationships? • Research findings: • Identify a minimum of 5 effects based on research - use your textbook

29. Sexual aggression in media - research findings • Desensitization to cruelty • Primes aggressive behaviors - increases aggressive thoughts, behaviors, & emotions • Increased acceptance of force/violence, Sets a norm for behavior • Set social scripts - models of behavior • View spouse as less attractive • View friendliness as sexual

30. Sexual aggression in media - research findings Zillmann & Bryant research: • People who watched pornography were more likely to give a rapist a lighter sentence • Dangerous social scripts are created

31. Social Relations • Men who are sexually coerce women

32. Venting through video games? • Catharsis hypothesis - the idea that we feel better if we “blow off steam” by venting our emotions • Research says - Expressing anger breeds more anger……

33. Module Objective • 4. Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict.

34. Social Relations Conflict • perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas • Ex. Former U.S.S.R. vs U.S., a couple filling for divorce - Jen & Brad • What social processes fuel conflict? Or Social dilemmas?

35. Fuel for conflict 1. Social Trap • a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior • Also known as TFT (Tit for tat) or non-zero-sum game • Ex. Ballot, whaling created endangered species, nuclear proliferation, global warming due to fossil fuels

36. Person 1 Choose A Choose B Optimal outcome Person 2 Choose B Choose A Probable outcome Social Relations • Social trap • by pursuing our self-interest and not trusting others, we can end up losers

37. Princess Bride clip Characters: Fesik Princess Buttercup Dread Pirate (farmboy Wesley)

38. Fuel for conflict • Distorted perceptions Enemy perceptions - distorted diabolical images, demonization of the the other • Mirror image perceptions • ex. G. Bush vs. S. Hussein both viewed each other as evil tyrants Other that intensify conflict: Self-serving bias, fundamental attribution error, stereotypes, polarization, group think • Ex. Cold War

39. Module Objectives • 5. Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attraction. • 6. Explain the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, and discuss how companionate love is nurtured by equity and self-disclosure.

40. Attraction • 3 factors that influence like: • Proximity • Mere Exposure Effect • repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them • Ex. Mrs. Sauter married my neighbor

41. factors that influence like: • 2. Physical attraction - appearance • Social opportunities • Perception • Ex. Love ET, safety in own features • 3. Similarity • Breds contentment

42. Social Relations- Attractiveness • Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

43. Romantic Love 2 kinds of love 1. Passionate Love an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another; usually present at the beginning of a love relationship 2. Companionate Love deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

44. Social Relations These strengthen the bond Equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Self-Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

45. Module Objectives • 7. Describe and explain the bystander effect, and explain altruistic behavior in terms of social exchange theory and social norms. • 8. Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.

46. Being good • Altruism • unselfish regard for the welfare of others • Ex. After 9/11 more good than bad • Kitty Genovese case 1964 - violated this concept, Why?

47. Social Relations • Bystander Effect • tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

48. Social Relations • The decision-making process for bystander intervention

49. Bystander effect • Situational factors - presence of others Can lead to diffusion of responsibility (people assume someone else took care of the situation) • Ex. Mega mall - lost boy • Notice, Interpret, Assume responsibility

50. Doing good Social Exchange Theory • the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs • Reciprocity Norm - social norm that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from these others in return