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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

Explore the process of turning thoughts into spoken or written output and understanding language that we hear or see through concepts like semantic and syntactic analysis, word recognition, and grammatical encoding.

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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics

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  1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Representing language

  2. How do we turn our thoughts into a spoken or written output? Some of the big questions Production “the horse raced past the barn”

  3. How do we understand language that we hear/see? Some of the big questions Comprehension “the horse raced past the barn”

  4. Conceptualizer Thought Semantic Analysis Formulator Grammatical Encoding Syntactic Analysis Lexicon Phonological Encoding Word Recognition Letter/phoneme Recognition Articulator Some of the big questions • Comprehension • Production • Representation • How do we store linguistic information, how do we retrieve that information?

  5. Semantic Analysis Syntactic Analysis Conceptualizer Thought Articulator Word Recognition Formulator Grammatical Encoding Letter/phoneme Recognition Lexicon Phonological Encoding

  6. The mental lexicon • How are words stored? What are they made up of? How are word related to each other? How do we use them? • Mental lexicon The representation of words in long term memory • Lexical Access: How do we activate the meanings (and other properties) of words?

  7. horse horses barn barns horse -s barn Lexical primitives • Word primitives • Morpheme primitives

  8. Lexical primitives • Word primitives • Need a lot of representations • Fast retrieval • Morpheme primitives • Economical - fewer representations • Slow retrieval - some assembly required • Decomposition during comprehension • Composition during production

  9. Lexical primitives • Lexical Decision task • See a string of letters • As fast as you can determine if it is a real English word or not • “yes” if it is • “no” if it isn’t • Typically speed and accuracy are the dependent measures

  10. table

  11. vanue

  12. daughter

  13. tasp

  14. cofef

  15. hunter

  16. Lexical primitives • Lexical Decision task table Yes vanue No daughter Yes tasp No cofef No hunter Yes

  17. Lexical primitives • Lexical Decision task daughter hunter

  18. Lexical primitives • Lexical Decision task daughter Pseudo-suffixed daught -er hunter Multimorphemic Takes longer hunt -er

  19. Lexical primitives • May depend on other factors • What kind of morpheme • Inflectional • Derivational • Frequency of usage • High frequency multimorphemic (in particular if derivational morphology) may get represented as a single unit • Compound words • Semantically opaque • butterfly • Semantically transparent • buttonhole

  20. Lexical organization • How are the lexical representations organized? • Alphabetically? • Initial phoneme? • Semantic categories? • Grammatical class? • Something more flexible, depending on your needs?

  21. Lexical organization • Factors that affect organization • Phonology • Frequency • Imageability, concreteness, abstractness • Grammatical class • Semantics

  22. Lexical organization • Phonology • Words that sound alike may be stored “close together” • Tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT) • What word means to formally renounce the throne? abdicate • Brown and McNeill (1966) • More likely to approximate target words with similar sounding words than similar meanings

  23. Lexical organization • Frequency • Typically the more common a word, the faster (and more accurately) it is named and recognized • Typical interpretation: easier to retrieve (or activate) • However, Balota and Chumbley (1984) • Frequency effects depend on task • Lexcial decision - big effect • Naming - small effect • Category verifcation - no effect • A canary is a bird. T/F

  24. Lexical organization • Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Try to imagine each word Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil

  25. How do you imagine these? Lexical organization • Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Try to imagine each word Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil

  26. Lexical organization • Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil • More easily remembered • More easily accessed

  27. Lexical organization • Grammatical class • Grammatical class constraint on substitution errors “she was my strongest propeller” (proponent) “the nation’s dictator has been exposed” (deposed) • Word association tasks • Associate is typically of same grammatical class

  28. Lexical organization • Grammatical class • Open class words • Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) • Closed class words • Function words (determiners, prepositions, …)

  29. Lexical organization • Semantics • Free associations • Most associates are semantically related (rather than phonologically for example) • Semantic Priming task

  30. tasp

  31. nurse

  32. doctor

  33. fract

  34. slithest

  35. shoes

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