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HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx

Learn about the structures and functions of the throat and pharynx, including the nasal cavity, mouth, larynx, and swallowing process. Understand how breathing, chewing, and speaking are related to these areas.

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HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx

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  1. HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx • Overview: Sagittal view of nose/mouth/throat • Nasal Cavity and Breathing • Mouth and Chewing • Throat and Swallowing • Larynx and Singing Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  2. Sagittal Section Head • Cranial cavity • Brain/Spinal cord • Vertebral bodies • Epaxial muscles • Hard/soft palate • Oral cavity • Esophagus • Trachea • Epiglottis • Naso- • Oro- • Laringo- pharynx Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  3. Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing Function: • Inlet for air to lung • Warm/filter air (mucous membranes on ethmoidconchae) • Smell (nerve endings on nasal membranes) M&M, Fig. 21.1 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  4. Conchae of Ethmod Bone • Scroll-like bones • Covered in mucous membrane for • Smell • Filter air • Warm air M&M, Fig. 7.10 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  5. Sinuses • All connected to nasal cavity • All lined with mucous membranes • Cold/allergies—fill with mucous=sinus headache • Maxillary • Ethmoid • Frontal • Sphenoid M&M, Fig. 7.11 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  6. Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing • FUNCTION • Bite and chew food • Form words • Taste • Kiss COMPONENTS • Lips • Cheeks • Palate • Jaws and teeth • Salivary glands Lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (almost no keratin) Vestibule—in front of teeth Oral cavity proper—behind teeth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  7. Lips FUNCTION • Close mouth • Keep food in • Make speech sounds • Tactile STRUCTURE • Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris) • “Red margin” transition from keratinized skin to oral mucosa • Red because clear color lets underlying vessels show through • No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus needs to be wet (or lip balm) M&M, Fig. 11.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  8. Cheeks FUNCTION • Form side of moth STRUCTURE • Buccinator muscle—instrumental in swallowing, connects back to pharyngeal constrictors M&M, Fig. 11.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  9. Palate • Hard palate anterior • Maxilla • Palatine • Soft palate is posterior extension, soft tissue • Palatoglossal arch (palate to tongue) • Palatopharyngeal arch (palate to pharynx) • Tonsils between arches • Uvula…??? M&M, Fig. 22.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  10. Jaws FUNCTION • Hold teeth • Occlude in chewing M&M, Fig. 7.3 • STRUCTURE • Upper jaw—maxillary bone • Lower jaw--mandible Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  11. Teeth • Deciduous teeth—”milk” or “baby” teeth • Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs. • Replaced by permanent teeth 6-12 yrs. • Wisdom teeth (3rd molar) erupts 17-25 yrs or remains in jaw • Key to healthy teeth and gums: • Flossing • Visiting dentist regularly (every 6 mos.) and starting at young age (3-4 yrs.) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  12. Structure of individual tooth—it’s alive!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  13. Jaw muscles • Masseter, temporalis—elevate mandible (“close jaw”) • Medial pterygoid—lateral (side-to-side) chewing • Lateral pterygoid—translates mandible anteriorly (part of opening) • Digastric (not shown)—depresses mandible (“opens jaw”) • Chewing is circular motion M&M, Fig. 11.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  14. Tongue FUNCTION • Position food between teeth • Form words in speech STRUCTURE • Intrinsic muscles (allow for shape change with fibers in various directions) • Extrinsic muscles—attach tongue to skeleton • Genioglossus • hyoglossus M&M, Fig. 22.7 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  15. Salivary glands • Intrinsic—all over mucous membranes of tongue, palate, lips, lining of cheek • Extrinsic—secrete more saliva when eating (or anticipating) • Parotid • Submandibular • sublingual M&M, Fig. 22.10 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  16. Saliva • Moistens mouth • Dissolves food to be tasted • Wets and binds food • Contains amylase to start starch digestion (saltine to sugar experiment) • Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavity-causing acids produced by bacteria • Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful micro-organisms • Contains proteins that stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the mouth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  17. Air Food PHARYNX Trachea Esophagus Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing • Back of mouth to larynx • Food and air mix and cross • STRUCTURES • Entry—pharyngeal arches • Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid) • Pharyngeal constrictors squeeze food through • When it goes wrong—choking!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  18. Pharynx and Swallowing Focus on muscles and arrangement of mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea Pharynx/Swallowing in detail!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  19. Descent of the larynx Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  20. Larynx and Singing FUNCTION • Channel air out of trachea • Vibrate to produce sound for speech/song STRUCTURES • External skeleton or frame (cartilage) • Internal vocal cords and associated muscles Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  21. Skeleton of larynx • Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY) M&M, Fig. 21.5 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  22. Vocal cords M&M, Fig. 21.6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

  23. COMING SOON!! Head/Neck III: Special Senses Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

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