Hebrew and Judaism

1. Hebrew and Judaism Chapter 2 Section 3 Pages 45-49

2. The Hebrews and Judaism Main Idea The ancient Hebrews and their religion, Judaism, have been a major influence on Western civilization. • Reading Focus • What are the major events in the history of the early Hebrews? • How did the Kingdom of Israel develop and who were some of its key leaders? • What are the basic teachings and sacred texts of Judaism?

3. Moses and Exodus Hebrew Fathers Promised Land • Slaves in Egypt • Moses • Pharaoh, plagues • Exodus • Israelites out • of Egypt • Passover • The Ten Commandments • The Torah • Abraham, father of the Hebrews • God’s covenant • 12 Tribes of Israel • Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were patriarchs • Israelites in Egypt • Israelites in desert • Canaan • Land of “milk and honey” • Israelites battled for land • Canaan = Israel The Early Hebrews The Hebrews were the ancestors of the Jews, and most of what we know, including the laws and requirements of their religion, Judaism, comes from their later writings.

4. Why is the land of Milk and Honey considered attractive to Israelites?

5. Sequencing What are some key events, in order, in early Israelite history? Answer(s): Abraham traveled to Canaan, 1800 BC; Moses appeared among Hebrews in Egypt, 1200s BC; the Exodus; delivery of Ten Commandments to Moses; Hebrews wander desert for 40 years; invasion of Philistines to Israel, mid-1000s BC; Saul named first king of Israel, mid-1000s BC; David named second king of Israel, 1000 BC; Solomon named third king of Israel, 865 BC

6. The Kingdom of Israel Saul, David, Solomon Division and Conquest • Israelites united against Philistines • Saul, first Israelite king • Never won full support • David, second king • Strong king, gifted poet • Solomon, David’s son • Israel reached height of wealth • Conflict after Solomon’s death • Who would be come king • Two kingdoms, Israel and Judah • 722 BC, Israel fell to Assyrians • 586 BC, Judah fell to Chaldeans • Chaldeans enslaved Jews • Diaspora = scattering of Jews • Persians conquered Chaldeans • The Period of the Judges • Scattered communities • No central government • Judges enforce laws • Prophets keep Israelites focused on faith

7. King Solomon's Temple

9. Find the Main Idea Why are Saul, David and Solomon significant? Answer(s): They were the first kings of Israel; they unified the Israelites under the Kingdom of Israel.

10. The Teachings of Judaism Religion the foundation of Hebrew and Jewish societies • Belief in One God • Monotheism • Justice and Righteousness • Kindness, fairness, code of ethics • Obedience to the Law • Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law • Jewish Sacred Texts • Torah, Talmud

11. Identify Supporting Details What are the central beliefs of Judaism? Answer(s): belief in one god; obedience to the Ten Commandments; justice and righteousness

12. GROG 2-3 (5 Points)Sequence Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing and describing each key event in the history of the Hebrews from Abraham's migration to Canaan to the Babylonian Captivity.

13. Hinduism Chapter 4 Section 2 Pages 98-102

14. Bell Ringer 4-2 (5 Points) • Exposition Write a short newspaper article covering one of the following major events in Hebrew and Jewish history: the Exodus, the division of Israel into two kingdoms, the Babylonian Captivity, or the return of Jews to Jerusalem from Babylon. You should write the article from the point of view of an objective reporter who lived in the ancient world. Your article should be clear and address the questions of who, what, where, when, and how

15. Crash Course • Buddha and Ashoka: Crash Course World History #6 - YouTube

16. Hinduism Main Idea The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and practices and to other religions, including Jainism. • Reading Focus • What basic teachings do most Hindus share? • What are the sacred texts and religious practices of Hinduism? • What are the teachings of Jainism?

17. Brahman Atman • Among most basic tenets of Hinduism, belief in Brahman, eternal being that created, preserves world • Brahman all-encompassing • Many believe human mind incapable of understanding • Hindus believe each person has atman, soul, aspect of Brahman • Atman shapes personality, cannot be destroyed, even by death • Devas, manifestations of Brahman, active in world, helping maintain order in nature Basic Teachings of Hinduism One of the world’s oldest religions, Hinduism, is practiced by most people in India today. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years and was influenced by the cultures and traditions of many peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are shared by nearly all Hindus. Founded by ?? Time/evolution Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are particularly influential. Some believe in thousands; others worship only one as the true manifestation of Brahman.

18. Three Devas Brahma Vishnu Siva Creator Preserver Destroyer

19. Rebirth and Salvation • Pattern of Life • Hindus believe universe, everyone in it, part of continual pattern of birth, death, and rebirth • After death atman reborn in process called reincarnation, or samsara • New Life • Nature of person’s new life shaped by karma—sum effect of deeds, actions • Good karma, reincarnated to better station in life; bad karma, lower station in life • Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape from cycle of rebirth • Dharma • With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully with Brahman • To achieve moksha is to fulfill one’s dharma—spiritual duties, obligations • By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma, breaks free from rebirth cycle

20. Define What is moksha, and how is it central to Hindu teachings? Answer(s): escape from cycle of rebirth, reunion with Brahman; ultimate goal for Hindus; way to achieve moksha is to fulfill one's dharma

21. Sacred Texts The Vedas • Teachings, practices based on many texts, most sorted into one of three categories • The Vedas • Later writings inspired by the Vedas • Sacred epics • The Vedas, sacred hymns of praise, among earliest sacred texts of Hinduism • Name means “knowledge” in Sanskrit • Hindus consider Vedas to contain eternal knowledge not written by humans, revealed to them by Brahman • Parts of Vedas date back more than 3,000 years • Considered core of Hinduism even today Sacred Texts and Practices Much of Hinduism’s evolution stemmed from a number of sacred writings produced over centuries.

22. Upanishads • Sacred texts that built upon the Vedas appeared • Some, such as Upanishads, also believed to have been revealed rather than written by people • Upanishads philosophical reflections on the Vedas, dealing with nature of world, meaning of life • Ramayana, Mahabharata • Other sacred texts based on themes in the Vedas, but composed by sages, including two epic poems, Ramayana and Mahabharata • Each tells story, reflects on living according to Vedic teachings • Included in Mahabharata, most sacred of all Hindu texts, the Bhagavad Gita, addressing many aspects of Hindu belief, philosophy

23. Meditation, Pilgrimages Worship • To help meditate, Hindus practice series of integrated physical, mental exercises called yoga • Yoga teaches people how to focus bodies, minds to aid meditation, help attain moksha • Hindus also make pilgrimages to Ganges River to purify, remove bad karma • Hindu beliefs vary widely, religious practices vary as well; worship can take place anywhere • At temples, priests might recite, read portions of the Vedas; image of a deva sometimes carried out of temple to people • At home, food, drink, gifts offered for deva; meditation, silent reflection Hindu Religious Practices

24. Meditation on the Ganges River

25. Categorize What types of sacred texts help shape Hindu beliefs? Answer(s):Vedas, writings inspired by the Vedas, sacred epics

26. Jainism • New Religion • 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion called Jainism • Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too much emphasis on ritual • Ritual Unnecessary • Jains thought ritual unnecessary • People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, carefully controlling actions • Nonviolence • Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence • Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent • Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually vegetarians

27. Lifestyle Principles • Most devout become monks, nuns, give up possessions • Live outdoors, seek shelter only during rainy months • Cover mouths with masks, sweep ground to avoid accidentally killing insects • Most Jains not monks, nuns • Pledge to uphold principles of ahimsa, have careers that do not involve harming of animals • Jainism calls for periodic fasting, especially during festivals, on holy days; limiting worldly possessions Other Traits • Jains promise to tell only truth • Avoid stealing • Strive to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, gossip from lives • These things can prevent person from achieving moksha

28. Jainism

29. Find the Main Idea What are the major principles of Jainism? Answer(s): practice nonviolence; tell the truth; do not steal; try to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, and gossip

30. GROG 4-2 ( 5 Points)Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing teachings that are unique to Hinduism on the left, listing three teachings unique to Jainism on the right, and in the overlapping circle, listing one teaching the two religions share.

31. Buddhism Chapter 4 Section 3 Pages 103-107

32. Bellringer 4-3 (5 Points) • Write a short paragraph explaining one of the major teachings of Hinduism. Your explanation should define the teaching and explain its role in Hindu teaching.

33. Buddhism Main Idea Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the suffering of the world through the Buddha’s teachings, developed in India and spread to other parts of Asia and the world. • Reading Focus • How did the early life of the Buddha lead to the beginnings of Buddhism? • What are the major teachings of Buddhism? • What areas were affected by the spread of Buddhism?

34. Buddhism in America (1999)

35. Early Life Buddha’s Enlightenment • Much of what is known about life of the Buddha from accounts in Buddhist literature • Gautama born 500s BC • Prince of small kingdom in what is now Nepal • Led sheltered life • Unaware of hardship • Life changed when learned people got old, sick, died • Gautama resolved to find way to overcome age, sickness, keep people from suffering • Gave up possessions, left palace • Sought enlightenment, spiritual understanding for six years • Studied with gurus, monks but decided they could not teach way to enlightenment The Life of the Buddha In addition to Hinduism, another of the world’s major religions developed in ancient India. That religion was Buddhism.

36. The Life of the Buddha Gautama was determined to find way to end human suffering • Sat under tree, no teachers, no companions, determined not to arise until he found way • Stories say he meditated all night • Resolve tested by violent storms, earthly temptations • At daybreak, had been transformed, found enlightenment, became the Buddha, Enlightened One • Temple built where he meditated, Bodh Gaya, one of Buddhism’s most sacred places

37. Explain How did Siddhartha Gautama become the Buddha? Answer(s): meditated under a tree, determined not to arise until he found solution to human suffering; was enlightened and transformed

38. What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire! • Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself.

39. Four Noble Truths Buddhist Beliefs • Suffering part of human life • Suffering from people’s desires for pleasure, material goods • Overcoming desires during life eventually brings end to suffering • Desires can be overcome by following Eightfold Path • After enlightenment achieved, Buddha meditated at Bodh Gaya seven weeks • Set out to spread to others what he had learned • Lessons became basic teachings of Buddhism • Among ideas learned in meditation, central truths, called Four Noble Truths The Teachings of Buddhism

40. Four Noble Truths • There is suffering in the world. To live is to suffer. (Dukkha) • The Buddha found this out when he was young and experienced suffering and death in others.

41. Four Noble Truths The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (Tanha)

42. Four Noble Truths The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments. (Nirvana = “extinction”)

43. Four Noble Truths To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path.

44. Eightfold Path • Series of Steps Leading to Enlightenment, Salvation • Right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths • Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things • Right speech, avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words • Right action, or treating others fairly • Right livelihood, avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others • Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself • Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of world around one • Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort while meditating

45. Eightfold Path Nirvana • The union with the ultimate spiritual reality. • Escape from the cycle of rebirth.

46. Nirvana The Buddha taught that those who followed Eightfold Path could attain nirvana • State of perfect peace in which soul freed from suffering forever • Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live through cycle of suffering again • Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle Way—living in moderation, avoiding extremes of comfort, discomfort in search for nirvana

47. Summarize What are the fundamental teachings of Buddhism? Answer(s): suffering comes from selfish desires; overcoming desire ends suffering; follow Eightfold Path to overcome desire

48. Theravada Mahayana Tibetan • “Way of the Elders” • Oldest tradition • Best way to attain nirvana: be monk, nun, meditate • Find one path to enlightenment; very much an individual religion • Teaches people can help each other find enlightenment • Not necessary to be monk, nun • Bodhisattvas, enlightened people not yet passed to nirvana, help others • Shares many Mahayana teachings • Also believes special techniques can harness spiritual energy, lead to nirvana in single lifetime Divisions of Buddhism After the Buddha’s death, differing opinions arose concerning the correct teachings and practices of Buddhism. Eventually three main Buddhist traditions formed—Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan.

50. Buddhism in the Subcontinent