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Biology B2

Biology B2. Quadrats –Random – Average Pooters – insects Pitfall – crawling soil organisms Nets –flying or water dwelling. Binomial system Genus Species- look similar breed together, produce fertile offspring. Classification- vertebrates – five groups Have fur / produce milk

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Biology B2

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  1. Biology B2 • Quadrats –Random – Average • Pooters – insects • Pitfall – crawling soil organisms • Nets –flying or water dwelling • Binomial system • Genus • Species- look similarbreedtogether, producefertileoffspring • Classification- vertebrates – five groups • Have fur / produce milk • Gills/scales • Webbed feet / moist permeable skin • Feathers/beak • Dry scales

  2. Adaptation • Camels • hump containing fat so it doesn’t insulate whole body; • bushy eyelashes and hair-lined nostrils that can close to stop sand entering; • large feet to spread load on sand • Polar bears • thick white fur for camouflage and insulation; • layer of fat (blubber) for insulation; • sharp claws and teeth; • large size and small ears to reduce surface area (relative to size) to reduce heat losses; • fur on soles of paws for insulation and grip. Predator • eyes to the front of the head to judge size and distance; • camouflage to avoid being seen by prey; • sharp teeth and claws; • built for speed. Prey • eyes on side of head for wide field of view; • camouflage; • live in groups; • built for speed; • defences such as stings or poison.

  3. Photosynthesis-Pollution • carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen • 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2 Indicator Species • water pollution - blood worm, waterlouse, sludgeworm, rat-tailed maggot; • air pollution – lichen. • developed countries of the world, with a small proportion of the world’s population have the greatest impact on the use of resources and production of pollution.

  4. Conservation Reasons for conservation programmes: • protecting human food supply; • ensuring minimal damage to food chains; • future identification of plants for medical purposes; • cultural aspects. Endangered species can be helped by: • protecting habitats; • legal protection; • education programmes; • captive breeding programmes; • creating artificial ecosystems. Some species in Britain are endangered and need protection: • red kite; • red squirrel; • osprey. Reasons why animals become extinct / endangered: • climate change; • habitat destruction; • hunting; • pollution; • competition

  5. Chemical reactions • Reactants  Products • (on the left) (on the right) • Sodium + oxygen  Sodium oxide • Above is a word equation • The reactants are sodium and oxygen. • The product is sodium oxide. • 4 Na + O2  2 Na2O • Above is a balanced symbol equation.

  6. Chemical formulae • CaCO3 is the formula for • calcium carbonate • It has 3 elements Calcium Ca, carbon C and oxygen O. • It represents 5 atoms. • 1 atom of Ca, 1 atom of C, 3 atoms of O • How many elements and atoms in the formulae Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 .

  7. Making Electricity • National Grid • Moves electricity across country • Power station • Step up Transformer • Pylons • Step down transformer • Consumer • Cells, solar cells produce DC • Generators/dynamos make AC • DC- flows in 1 direction • AC- changes direction • Sequence in a Power station • Burn fuel (coal, oil, gas) • Boil water to make steam • Pressurised steam turns turbine • Turbine turns generator • Generator produces AC Renewable ways of making electricity Solar/Wind/Wave/HEP etc

  8. Alpha – Particle -He nucleus, strongly ionising, stopped by paper/skin, range of few cm in air, not good inside your body! used in smoke detectors Beta – Particle - Electron from the nucleus(!), weakly ionising, stopped by few mm Al, not good inside your body! used to monitor thickness of paper/cereal packets. Gamma – Wave - EM radiation from the nucleus, NASTY!, reduced by lead/concrete, can escape from inside your body, uses – treat cancer, sterilise, detect cracks in pipes etc. Nuclear Power is much more powerful and dangerous than coal, oil, gas Atomic bombs – WMDs, cause massive destruction Fission – splitting the atom Fusion – joining nuclei Fuel – Uranium Waste product – Plutonium Radioactivity & Nuclear Power Background radiation – natural radioactivity from ROCKS, AIR, SPACE Handling Radioactive materials – tongs, safe distance, monitored use, materials to absorb radiation

  9. Our Place in the Universe Scale: Solar system « Milky Way Galaxy « Universe Big Bang Theory: evidence – Red Shift, expansion, microwave background radiation Life Cycle of Stars: Nebula>Protostar>Main Sequence>Red Giant then… (Small) – White dwarf – Black dwarf (LARGE) – Supernova – Neutron Star (MASSIVE) – Supernova – Neutron Star – Black Hole • Threats to Earth • Comets • Asteroids • Dinosaur extinction • Near Earth Objects (NEOs) Satellites – Polar or Geostationery Uses – Weather, Communications, GPS, Spying, Looking into space • Alien Life Forms? • Unmanned probes in space • Search for water/Temp/Oxygen

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