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The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinoid Monocots

The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinoid Monocots. Spring 2011. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups. Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales. Basal “ Petaloid ” Commelinoid. Commelinoid characters.

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The Monocots: Part 2 Commelinoid Monocots

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  1. The Monocots: Part 2Commelinoid Monocots Spring 2011

  2. Phylogeny of Monocot Groups Acorales Alismatales Asparagales Liliales Dioscoreales Pandanales Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Basal “Petaloid” Commelinoid

  3. Commelinoid characters • Special type of epicuticular wax • Starchy pollen • UV-fluorescent compounds in the cell walls • Starchy endosperm (except in the palms) • Lots of molecular support

  4. Commelinoid Monocot Groups Order Arecales - Palms Arecaceae (Palmae) Order Poales - Grasses - Bromeliads Cat-tails Rushes, Sedges, and Grasses Typhaceae Juncaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae (Gramineae) Order Zingiberales – Ginger, banana, and allies (no required families)

  5. Commelinoid Monocots:Arecales: Arecaeae (Palmae) • Widespread throughout tropical and warm temperate regions • “Trees” or “shrubs”, typically unbranched • Diversity: ca. 2,780 in 200 genera • Flowers: usually sessile, in compound-spicate inflorescences, these subtended by a bract (spathe); ovule 1 per locule • Significant features: Leaves alternate or spiral, blades plicate, splitting in a pinnate or palmate manner • Special uses: coconut (Cocos nucifera), date (Phoenix dactylifera), rattan (Calamus), oils and waxes, ornamentals • Required taxa: family only

  6. Arecaceae • Numerous small flowers • Spathes + compound-spicate inflorescence • 3 sepals + 3 petals • Superior ovary (carpel fusion varies) • Drupe • Unbranchedtrunks • Big leaves on top!

  7. Arecaceae – The Palm Family

  8. Arecaceae – Cocos nucifera

  9. Arecaceae Economic plants and products: Phoenix dactylifera Dates

  10. Characters of Poales • Silica bodies (in silica cells) in the epidermis • Styles strongly branched • Loss of raphide (needle-like) crystals • Much molecular support for monophyly • Wind pollination has evolved several times independently within the order • Ecologically very important

  11. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Bromeliaceae(The Pineapple/Bromeliad Family) • Tropical to temperate regions of the Americas • Predominantly epiphytic herbs (“tank” plants) • Diversity: ca. 1,520 species in 51 genera • Flowers: radial, perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, borne in axils of often brightly colored bracts; inflorescences spicate or paniculate; stigmas 3, usually twisted; seeds often winged or with tufts of hair • Significant features: leaves with water absorbing peltate (or stellate) scales • Special uses: pineapple (Ananas) • Family not required; for information only

  12. Bromeliaceae – Ananascomosus Fruit type?

  13. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Typhaceae(The Cattail Family) • Widely distributed, especially in Northern Hemisphere • Aquatic & wetland rhizomatous herbs • Diversity: 28 species in 2 genera • Flowers: small, unisexual; separated spatially on dense, compact spicate or globose-clustered inflorescences; placentation apical • Significant features: rhizomatous; long slender leaves; characteristic inflorescence • Special uses: ornamental aquatics • Required taxa: Typha

  14. Typhaceae - Typha

  15. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Juncaceae(The Rush Family) • Worldwide, mostly temperate regions; wet or damp habitats • Rhizomatous herbs, stems round and solid • Diversity: 400 species in 6 genera • Flowers: tepals 6, distinct; carpels 3 in superior ovary; stamens 6; fruit a loculicidal capsule • Significant features: leaves 3-ranked, sheaths usually open • Special uses: leaves used to weave rush baskets; some ornamentals • Required taxa: Juncus

  16. Juncaceae: Juncus -cymose inflorescences -leaf sheaths open -leaf blades flat, grooved, or cylindrical

  17. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Cyperaceae(The Sedge Family) • Worldwide, usually in damp or semi-aquatic sites • Rhizomatous herbs, stems usually triangular in cross section • Diversity: 4,500 species in 104 genera • Flowers: with 1 subtending bract; tepals absent or reduced to 3-6 scales or hairs; stamens 1-3; carpels 2-3 in superior ovary; fruit an achene (nutlet) • Significant features: Inflorescence a complex group of spikelets; leaf sheaths closed, ligule lacking; silica bodies conical • Special uses: Papyrus used originally for paper; “water chestnuts”and a few other rhizomes edible, leaves used for weaving; some ornamentals. • Required taxa: Carex, Cyperus

  18. Cyperaceae versus Juncaceae:Field Character “Sedges have edges… …and rushes roll.”

  19. Cyperaceae diversity

  20. Cyperaceae • Flowers: • Arranged in spikelets • Reduced • Wind-pollinated flowers • Subtended by bract • Reduced/absent perianth flower + subtending bract = floret flower spikelet From Zomlefer 1994

  21. Cyperaceae Fruit type is the achene: very important in the taxonomy of the family. Eleocharis Rhynchospora (note bristle perianth) Cyperus

  22. Cyperaceae http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfl3.htm

  23. Cyperaceae: Cyperus -leaves usually basal -ligules absent -spikelet scales distichous, each subtending a flower -spikelets flattened or cylindrical -flowers bisexual -no perigynium

  24. Cyperaceae: Carex -presence of the perigynium (a sac-like bract surrounding the female flower) in addition to the subtending bract -leaves usually with a ligule

  25. Commelinoid Monocots—Poales:Poaceae (Gramineae)(The Grass Family) • Cosmopolitan • Primarily herbs, often rhizomatous; “trees” in most bamboos; stems are called culms • Diversity: 10,000 species in ca. 650 genera • Flowers: small, perianth parts reduced to lodicules; each flower enclosed by two bracts (lemma and palea) = floret; stamens typically 3; carpels 3, but appearing as 2; fruit a caryopsis • Significant features: 1-many florets aggregated into spikelets, each with usually 2 empty bracts (glumes) at the base; leaf with a ligule • Special uses: many – grains, turf, fodder/forage, structural uses (e.g., bamboo). • Required taxa: Zea, Triticum, Oryza

  26. bamboo Economic importance sugar cane Zea mays weeds Oryza sativa Triticum aestivum

  27. Ecological importance

  28. Poaceae: vegetative structure ligule

  29. Poaceae: spikelet and flower structure flower Images from Grasses of Iowa

  30. Anatomy of the Caryopsis (Grain) • The fruit wall (pericarp) is completely fused to the seed coat. • Endosperm (3N; triploid) contains the bulk of starch storage in the seed. • The embryo is a pre-formed grass plant, with apical meristems (for both shoot and root) and protective organs (coleoptile and coleorhiza) which emerge first during germination.

  31. early grasses Origin of grasses ca. 70-80 mya in southern- hemisphere forests

  32. Anomochlooideae Pharoideae Puelioideae Bamboos (Bambusoideae) Origin of grasses ca. 70-80 mya in forests Bluegrasses (Pooideae) Rices (Ehrhartoideae) Panicgrasses (Panicoideae) Major radiation in Oligocene- Miocene epochs into open habitats Needlegrasses (Aristidoideae) Lovegrasses (Chloridoideae) + Micrairoideae Stamens reduced to 3 Reeds (Arundinoideae) Oatgrasses (Danthonioideae)

  33. C4 photosynthetic pathway (in warm season grasses) is advantageous under higher temperatures, higher light, and less water

  34. Dispersal!

  35. Poaceae (Gramineae) diversity

  36. Oryza (rice) -aquatic or wetland herbs -one floret per spikelet -spikelets strongly flattened

  37. Triticum (wheat) -annuals -dense inflorescences -spikelets sessile, one per node -2-9 florets per spikelet

  38. Zea (maize or corn) -male and female spikelets usually on separate inflorescences -female inflorescences axillary, enclosed in 1 or more sheaths (husks), one sessile spikelet per node -male inflorescences terminal, with paired spikelets

  39. For more informationand images:http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/The Grasses of Iowa

  40. Grasses, Sedge, Rushes! • Terete, solid, • not jointed • 3 • Open • Cymose • 6 chaffy tepals • Capsule • Triangular, solid, not jointed • 3 • Closed • Spikelets • None or bristles/scales • Achene • Stem terete, hollow, • or solid, jointed • Leaf ranks 2 • Leaf sheath Open, • ligule • Inflor: Spikelets • Perianth: Lodicules • Fruit: Caryopsis

  41. “Graminoids” - Comparison

  42. Commelinales 5 families, 780 species, widespread in various habitats Not required

  43. Commelinoid Monocots: Zingiberales • Large herbs with vessels more or less limited to the roots • Silica cells present in the bundle sheaths • Leaves clearly differentiated into a petiole and blade • Leaf blade with pinnate venation, often tearing between the second-order veins • Leaf blade rolled into a tube in bud • Petiole with enlarged air canals • Flowers bilateral (or irregular) • Pollen lacking an exine • Ovary inferior • Seeds arillate and with perisperm (diploid nutritive tissue derived from the nucellus) • 8 families and nearly 2000 species Must be able to recognize the order!

  44. Zingiberalesdiversity

  45. MusaceaeMusa

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