Workplace Safety: PPE and Site Protection Guidelines

1. Unit 1 Revision

2. Name these 2 items of PPE and explain why they are different.

3. Name these 2 items of PPE and explain why they are different. Dust masks are lightweight, disposable masks that are moulded to fit over the mouth and nose and are suitable for use when non-toxic ‘nuisance’ dusts are present. Respirators offer protection against hazardous dusts, fumes and vapours.

4. Health and safety legislation

5. Major and minor injuries

6. Working at height Mark the following statements true or false and give reasons. • Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have banned the use of ladders on building sites • You need to be formally ‘qualified’ before using a ladder at work • I am working at height if I’m walking up and down a staircase at work

7. Working at height 1. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have banned the use of ladders on building sites • False. Ladders and stepladders can be a sensible and practical option. They can be used for work at height when the use of other work equipment is not justified because of the low risk and short duration (short duration means working on a ladder for no more than 30 minutes at a time)

8. Working at height 2. You need to be formally ‘qualified’ before using a ladder at work • False.  You need to be competent. This means having the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to use a ladder properly for the work you will carry out, or, if you are being trained, you work under the supervision of somebody who can perform the task competently. What matters is that an individual can apply what they have learned in the workplace.

9. Working at height 3. I am working at height if I’m walking up and down a staircase at work • False. Work at height does not include walking up and down a permanent staircase in a building.

10. Describe 3 ways to protect a work site.

11. Describe 3 ways to protect a work site. • Fences and hoardings are the best means of preventing unauthorised access to a construction site. • Entrances and exits should be kept to a minimum. • The reception area for site visitors and delivery drivers should be located at the main gate and may be operated by a security guard on larger sites. • Display of warning notices around perimeter that state ‘Security precautions are in force around the perimeter of this site’. • CCTV cameras and alarm systems to protect the perimeter, compounds, stores and offices. • Light the perimeter and access gates out of working hours; by sensors if necessary.

12. Reduce risk to loud noise The HSE safe action guidelines are as follows: • 80 dB: employers should assess the risk, advise employees and provide protection on request. • 85 dB: employers should designate the work area as an ear protection zone and suitable PPE must be provided and worn at all times. • 87 dB: this is the maximum exposure limit, after taking into account the reduction in exposure provided by wearing PPE Write down as many ways that you can think of that employers can reduce the exposure to loud noise on a construction site.

13. Reduce risk to loud noise Employers can reduce noise and noise exposure by using a combination of the following control methods: • Replace whatever is causing the noise with something that is less noisy. • Remove the source of loud noises. • Move noisy equipment and noise sources further away from people. • Enclose or surround noisy equipment with soundproof material or screens. • Isolate noisy equipment and processes from quieter areas. • Limit the time people spend using noisy equipment or working in noisy areas • Provide hearing protection aids for people who are exposed to noise. This should be in addition to the above control measures

14. Safety signs Describe the purpose of the following safety signs Must wear a hard hat in this area. Eye wash first aid facilities in this area. Location of firefighting equipment. • No smoking in this area.

15. Fire extinguishers Complete the table by filling in the colours Class A: Wood, paper, textiles and any other carbonaceous materials Class B: Flammable gases such as petrol, oils, fats and paints Class C: Flammable gases such as propane, butane and natural gas Class D: Metals such as aluminium, magnesium and titanium Class E: Electrical equipment Class F: Cooking oils and fats

16. COSHH The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) require employers to control exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace to prevent ill health and protect employees and others who may be exposed. Where can hazardous substances be found in work environments?

17. COSHH Hazardous substances can be found in most work environments and include: • substances used directly in work activities, such as adhesives, paints and cleaning agents • substances generated during work activities, such as the dust from sawing • naturally occurring substances, such as sand dust • biological agents (germs), such as bacteria and other microorganisms.

18. HSE major and minor injuries Place these injuries into major or minor categories. • Fractured arm • Cut finger • Temporary loss of sight • Loss of leg • Bruised shoulder • Unconsciousness caused by suffocation • Fractured toe • Burned thumb

19. HSE major and minor injuries • Fractures are major except for fingers, toes or thumbs • Burns are major for more than 10% of the body

20. First aid kit contents Name 5 items that should be found in a first aid kit. What important item is not found in a first aid kit?

21. First aid kit contents First aid does not cover the administration of drugs or medications and they should not be kept in the workplace first aid box or kit.

22. Negative effects of accidents In addition to human pain and misery, name 3 other negative effects accidents can have for an employer.

23. Negative effects of accidents • Disruption and loss of production in the workplace • Legal proceedings, costs and the possible closure of the workplace • Costs associated with sickness pay, compensation awards and increased insurance premiums. High accident levels create a poor image of both the employer and the industry to existing and future clients and the general public. • Minor accidents may affect profitability, as workers slow down to see what is happening or stop work to assist the injured person. • Sick pay may have to be paid, as well as the cost of overtime or additional temporary staff in an attempt to keep the work on schedule. • More serious accidents will have high financial implications with workers absent and costs of HSE inquiries and possible compensation payments. • Companies with a poor accident record may find it difficult to gain new work contracts due to their poor ‘health and safety’ image. • In addition, their insurance premiums will rise from the high number of injury compensation claims. Eventually, this may make the company uninsurable, causing it to go out of business.

24. Housekeeping Name 3 ways to prevent accidents by good housekeeping.

25. Housekeeping “Housekeeping” is a general term used for cleaning up after yourself. It is important that your work area is clean and tidy at all times.Some ways could include: • regularly tidy your workbench/work area – off-cuts and shavings are potential tripping and fire hazards • ensure walkways and stairways, and in particular emergency routes, are free of obstructions and tripping hazards such as trailing cables, building materials and waste • ensure that all combustible waste materials, such as packaging and timber off-cuts, are cleared away to reduce fire risks • keep internal floor areas clean and dry, ensure footpaths and pedestrian routes across the site are level, firm and clear of materials, plant and other obstructions

26. Package labels Match the descriptions to the labels Toxic Corrosive Highly Flammable Oxidizing Hazardous for the Environment Explosive

27. Maintaining and storing PPE Write rules for maintaining and storing • Safety helmets • Ear plugs • Dust masks

28. Maintaining and storing PPE Write rules for maintaining and storing: All items of PPE must be stored in clean, dry conditions when not in use, kept clean, regularly checked for damage and maintained. • Safety helmets – have a stamp on the inside showing the year and month of manufacturer. Generally they should be replaced every 3 years or before if they show signs of damage or have been involved in an accident which can reduce their strength and effectiveness. • Ear plugs – only use them with clean hands. Dispose of them after use and never share as this could result in infection. • Dust masks – dispose of them at the end of the day or if they become clogged. They should never be shared.

29. Match the symbols to their descriptions Recycled or recyclable material. CE Mark - meets a European Standard of quality Harmful substance British Standard Kitemark - meets British Standards (quality) Goggles (eye protection) must be worn Flammable substance Laser hazard Ear protection must be worn Corrosive substance e.g.acid. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30. Health and safety legislation Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) Write the full name for each health and safety legislation related term listed below. HASAWA HSE Health and Safety Executive The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (1995) RIDDOR COSHH The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (2002) The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (2007) CDM MHO The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1992) PPER The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (1992)

31. Health and safety legislation The main legislation that covers health and safety at work. Match each abbreviation concerned with health and safety legislation with its appropriate description. PPER COSHH The body responsible for the enforcement of health and safety in the UK. Places a duty on employers, the self-employed and persons in control of premises to report to the HSE some accidents and incidents at work. HASAWA Requires employers to control exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace to prevent ill-health and protect both employees and others who may be exposed. RIDDOR Requires all duty holders including the client, designers, building contractors, sub-contractors, site workers and others to play their part in improving onsite health and safety. MHO Requires employers and the self-employed to avoid the need to undertake manual handling operations that might create a risk of injury. HSE Requires employers to provide employees with any necessary personal equipment that is needed in order to carry out work safely. CDM

32. Health and safety legislation The main legislation that covers health and safety at work. HASAWA HSE The body responsible for the enforcement of health and safety in the UK. Places a duty on employers, the self-employed and persons in control of premises to report to the HSE some accidents and incidents at work. RIDDOR Requires employers to control exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace to prevent ill-health and protect both employees and others who may be exposed. COSHH Requires all duty holders including the client, designers, building contractors, sub-contractors, site workers and others to play their part in improving onsite health and safety. CDM Requires employers and the self-employed to avoid the need to undertake manual handling operations that might create a risk of injury. MHO Requires employers to provide employees with any necessary personal equipment that is needed in order to carry out work safely. PPER

33. Hazards Which of these signs means that something is mandatory (i.e. it must be done) 1. 2. 3. 4.

34. Construction terms Match the construction terms to their descriptions

35. Construction terms

36. Emergency procedures • List 4 actions that members of the workforce should take in the event of a fire or other emergency situation arising.

37. Emergency procedures 4 actions that members of the workforce should take in the event of a fire or other emergency situation arising could include: • Ensure the area is safe (for example, by switching off the electric supply in the event of an electrocution) • Call for the first aider on-site or give emergency help yourself if you are a qualified first aider • Call for the fire warden on-site, or tackle the fire with an extinguisher if you have been trained and authorised to do so. • Make phone calls to summon the emergency services in the event of serious injury or fire. • Raise alarm or report details of emergency to the nominated person. • Ensure that your own safety is not at risk. • Follow the emergency procedures as instructed. • Assist in the completion of accident records and reports.

38. Major emergencies Emergencies are situations or events that require immediate action. In addition to accidents, list three major emergencies. • Fire • Bomb threats/security alerts • Leakage of chemicals or other hazardous substances

39. Control measures List four control measures to prevent or reduce exposure to hazardous substances.

40. Control measures Control measures to prevent or reduce exposure to hazardous substances could include: • Limiting the amount of substance used. • Limiting the amount of time people are exposed. • Keeping all containers closed when not in use. • Providing good ventilation to the work area. • When cutting or grinding, using tools fitted with exhaust ventilation or water suppression to control dust. • Wear protective clothing, such as overalls, gloves, boots, helmets, ear protection, eye protection and dust masks. • Use barrier and after-work creams; this is recommended to protect skin from contact dermatitis. • Ensure items of PPE are kept clean and maintained, so that they do not themselves become a source of contamination. Keep spares available to replace faulty items.

41. FIFO Explain the abbreviation FIFO in relation to the stock rotation of materials, particularly bagged materials like cement.

42. FIFO Bags should be used in the same order as they were delivered, known as ‘first in, first out’ (FIFO). This is to minimise the storage time and prevent the bag contents becoming stale or ‘air setting’.

43. Name these job roles Project Manager: To manage the project from start to finish, to deal with clients spec, manage work force and costingsJoiners: To do all joinery work i.e. fitting windows / doors / stud walls/skirting and architraves/ roof structure Electrician: To do all electric works i.e. running cables for sockets and switches and all electrical items that need installing Plumber: To do plumbing work i.e. 1st fix plumbing, to lay all pipe work for toilet, kitchen and drainage. Final fix plumbing i.e. to fit kitchens and bathroom suites sink toilet shower tray and floor and wall tilingLabourers: To assist all skilled labour and keeping the clean keep from all hazardsMachine operators: To operate all site machines for digging and lifting materials i.e. JCB diggers , dumper machine and lifting machine Buyers: To procure materials required for the site  

44. Security List 3 ways a construction site could be made secure.

45. Security 3 ways a construction site could be made secureare: • Fences and hoardings are the best means of preventing unauthorised access to a construction site. • Entrances and exits should be kept to a minimum. • Security guards a the reception area for site visitors and delivery drivers at the main gate. • Display of warning notices around perimeter that state ‘Security precautions are in force around the perimeter of this site’. • CCTV cameras and alarm systems to protect the perimeter, compounds, stores and offices. • Light the perimeter and access gates out of working hours; by sensors if necessary.

46. Law Which law has these objectives: To secure the health, safety and welfare of everyone at work. To protect the general public from risks due to work activities. To control the use, handling, storage and transportation of explosives and highly flammable substances. To control the release of noxious or offensive substances into the atmosphere. Is it The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) or Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA) or The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)

47. Health and Safety at Work Act Put the employers and employees responsibilities in the correct columns. never misuse or interfere with anything provided for health and safety provide and maintain a safe working environment cooperate with their employers to enable them to fulfil the employers’ health and safety obligations provide and maintain safe machinery, equipment and methods of work report hazards, accidents and near misses use the equipment and safeguards provided by the employers ensure the safe handling, transport and storage of all machinery, equipment and materials provide all employees with the information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure safe working give employees an up-to-date written statement of the firm’s safety policy take reasonable care at all times and ensure that their actions or omissions do not put at ‘risk’ themselves or any other person ensure safe access to and from the workplace

48. Health and Safety at Work Act

49. Health & Safety Executive (HSE) It is a legal duty of employers, the self-employed and others in control of work premises to report certain incidents to the HSE. Name 3 such incidents.

50. Health & Safety Executive (HSE) • It is a legal duty of employers, the self-employed and others in control of work premises to report certain incidents to the HSE like the following: • Deaths arising out of or in connection with work. • Major injuries, which include most fractures, amputations, loss of sight, loss of consciousness, acute illness requiring medical treatment or any other injury involving a stay in hospital. • Over three-day injuries, where a person is away from work or unable to perform their normal work role for more than three consecutive days. • Injuries to members of the public or people not at work who are taken away from the scene of an accident to hospital. • Work-related diseases, which include poisoning, skin diseases, lung diseases, infections, musculoskeletal disorders and hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). • Dangerous occurrences, which include the collapse of a crane, hoist, scaffolding or building, an explosion or fire, or the escape of any substance that is liable to cause a health hazard or major injury to any person. • Certain near misses, where something happened that could have resulted in an injury but didn’t. This is classified as a dangerous occurrence.