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Oceanography

Oceanography . What do you know about Oceanography?. Water covers how much of the Earth? The oceans contain how much of the water on Earth? How much of the ocean is unexplored? What percentage of species are found in the oceans? How many jobs in the U.S. are water related?

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Oceanography

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  1. Oceanography

  2. What do you know about Oceanography? • Water covers how much of the Earth? • The oceans contain how much of the water on Earth? • How much of the ocean is unexplored? • What percentage of species are found in the oceans? • How many jobs in the U.S. are water related? • What is the average depth of the ocean? • How deep is the deepest part of the ocean? • What is the maximum depth humans can go? • What is the maximum depth a vessel can reach?

  3. Actual Percentages • Water covers 71% of the Earth • The oceans contain 97.25% of all the water on Earth • 95% of the ocean is still unexplored • 50% of all know species are found in the oceans • 1 out of every 6 U.S. jobs is ocean related (16%) • The average depth of the ocean is 3720 meters (2.3 miles, 12,303 feet) • The deepest part of the ocean is 11033 meters (6.8 miles, 36,197 feet) • Humans can survive only 100 meters down (328 feet) • 10,000 meters is the deepest any vessel can go (32,808 feet)

  4. Oceanography • 4500 m = DSV Alvin • 6000 m = submarines • 10,900 m = Bathyscaphe Trieste (deep sea submarine)

  5. Oceanography • The branch of science that studies the ocean • Marine life • Ocean currents • Waves and tsunamis • Geology of the sea floor • Weather affects • Tides

  6. 5 Main Oceans • Atlantic • Pacific • Indian • Arctic • Southern

  7. Salinity • The amount of dissolved salt in a body of water • Average salinity = 35 ppt OR 3.5% • Fresh water salinity = 0.05%

  8. Ocean Salinity • Increase Salinity • Evaporation • Ice formation • Volcanic activity • Depth • Decrease Salinity • Precipitation • Surface currents • River run off • Ice melt

  9. Ocean Pressure • Sea level: a measure of the average height of the oceans surface • Pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi = 1 atm • For every 10 m you travel down, the pressure increases by 14.7 psi (1 atm) • Humans can travel down 3-4 atm and be OK

  10. Ocean Pressure • 10 m down = • 14.7 x 2 = 29.4 psi • 20 m down = • 14.7 x 3 = 44.1 psi • 50 m down = • 14.7 x 6 = 88.2 psi • 100 m down = • 14.7 x 11 = 161.7 psi

  11. Ocean Density • Factors that increase ocean density 1. Temperature: Cold water is more dense 2. Salinity: Water with more dissolved salts is more dense 3. Depth: Water sinks because it is more dense

  12. Ocean Temperature • Ocean water has a wide range of temperatures • Average temp = 3.5 °C (38.3° F) • Ice Cap areas = 2 °C (35.6° F) • Coral Reef areas = 38°C (100.4°F) • Freezing point = -1.9°C (28.5° F)

  13. Deep Sea Vents • Also called hydrothermal vents • A break in the ocean floor where heated water escapes • Very high in nutrients but very low sunlight • Deep Sea Vent areas = 400 °C (752° F)

  14. El Niño “little boy” • Abnormal warming of ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean • Happens every 2-7 years • Causes: flooding on the American continents and droughts on the Asian continent

  15. La Niña “little girl” • Abnormal cooling of ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean • Happens every 2-7 years • Causes: drier conditions on American continents and wetter conditions on Asian continent

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