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This text discusses the major advances in transportation and industry during the early 19th century, including the development of steamboats, canals, railroads, and the Industrial Revolution. It also explores the impact of these changes on the sectional differences between the North and the South, including the rise of nationalism and the issues surrounding slavery.
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The first major advance in transportation was the development of the steamboat. (James Fulton) The second transportation advance was the construction of canals. (Erie Canal) The Erie Canal helped to make New York City the nation’s greatest commercial center. The most dramatic advance was the arrival of railroads in the 1820’s. Industry & Transportation
Began in Great Britain and focused on machines being powered by steam or water rather than by hand. • Samuel Slater built the nation’s first water-powered textile mill. • The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney with interchangeable parts led to the factory system. The Industrial Revolution
As the factory system spread, manufacturers required more power than horses and water could provide and made the move to steam power. In 1837, Samuel F.B. Morse invented the electric telegraph. (Morse Code) The steel plow helped the American farming industry remain the largest in the country. Industrial Rev. Cont.
Due to tariffs increasing the cost of manufactured goods factories were created in the North. Workers organize into labor unions to fight for better pay and working conditions. South increases cotton production which required an increase in the slave population. The South became too dependent on cotton. A dispersed population and the burden of slavery affected the culture of the South. Sectional Differences
Adams-Onis Treaty ended Spanish claims to the vast Pacific Coast territory of Oregon. • The Monroe Doctrine was a policy which responded to threats by European powers, including France, to help Spain recover lands in Latin America. • The Missouri Compromise established a line for the creation of slave and free states to be admitted to the union; admits Missouri as slave state, Maine as free; Divides Louisiana Territory: slavery legal in south, not in north Nationalism & Foreign Affairs
Loses his first attempt at becoming president (1824) Elected in 1828 Leads a new political movement referred to as Jacksonian Democracy. The party called itself “the Democrats” Andrew Jackson
President Jackson feeling southern pressure urged Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830. In 1838, U.S. Soldiers forced 16,000 Cherokees to walk from their lands in the Southeast to Oklahoma along what became know as the Trail of Tears. Native American Removal
The Spoils System Jacksonian democracy—ideal of political power for all classes Spoils system gives government jobs to supporters Jacksonian Democracy
The South Faces Economic Problems Rise in tariff lowers sale of British goods and Southern cotton South forced to buy expensive Northern goods The Nullification Crisis Calhoun’s idea of nullification: states say if law is unconstitutional South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens secession Compromise bill lowers tariff, allows military to collect duties Jackson’s Bank War Federal funds removed from Bank of the U.S.; put it in state banks Nullification and the Bank War
Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster Nationalists: wanted a strong federal government to manage the economy They oppose Jackson Whig Party
Election of 1836 Democrat Martin Van Buren wins election with Jackson’s support The Panic of 1837 Many banks print money in excess of gold and silver deposits Banks close, credit system collapses, 1/3 of population jobless Harrison and Tyler Van Buren loses in 1840 to Whig war hero William Henry Harrison Harrison dies; new president John Tyler opposes many Whig ideas 1840s, Democrats, Whigs dominate; political appeals become emotional
A Religious Awakening • In the early 1700s a wave of religious feeling swept across the country and became known as the Great Awakening. • Another revival of religious feeling called the Second Great Awakening swept the country beginning in the early 1800s. • The preachers were known as revivalists, who gave passionate speeches in an evangelical (strong) style. • Revival meetings last for days • Membership in churches rises dramatically
Utopias & Trans. • During the 1800s dozens of groups sought to improve their lives by setting up communities based on the idea of utopia. • Organizers hoped their settlements would both instill virtue and inspire others. • All utopian communities were short lived due to their heavy work load and strict regulations. • Transcendentalism—truth in nature, emotional, spiritual experience (Emerson & Thoreau)
Other Reforms • Horace Mann – Led education reform in New England area. • Prison Reform – Led by Dorothea Dix • Temperance Movement – Movement to outlaw the sale of alcohol. Said alcohol caused crime and other evil things.
The Antislavery Movement • Slavery expanded in the 1800s in the south due to the expansion of the cotton industry. • Enslaved people took comfort in their religion which gave them hope in the midst of their difficult lives. • Resistance to slavery took many forms from sabotage, to escape to revolt and protest. Most famous revolt was Turner’s Rebellion. • The Underground Railroad helped many slaves to reach freedom. • Harriet Tubman made 19 trips to the South and helped to free over 300 people.
The Fight Against Slavery • By the early 1800s a growing number of Americans opposed to slavery began to speak out resulting in the abolition movement. • William Lloyd Garrison published his own antislavery newspaper known as The Liberator. • The antislavery movement also was comprised of former slaves such as Frederick Douglass who spoke at lecture halls across the country detailing his hardships as a slave. • Grimke sisters – spoke publicly about abolition movement, later women’s rights. • Gag Rule passed to ban Congress from speaking of abolition.
The Women’s Movement • In the early 1800s, American women’s freedoms and rights were sharply limited. • One of the most effective abolitionists lecturers was Sojourner Truth, a former slave. • In the 1820s and 1830s more women began to join the workforce by taking jobs in factories and later creating unions. • Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were very active in both the abolitionists and temperance causes. • The first women’s rights convention was held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York.
