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All-pay Auctions: Complete Information. All-pay auctions: r = oo. Plan. All-pay Auctions: Complete Information: Characterization of the set of NE Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (ET, 1996) Hillman and Samet (PC, 1987) Hillman and Riley (EP, 1989) Exclusion principle
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All-pay Auctions: Complete Information • All-pay auctions: r = oo
Plan All-pay Auctions: Complete Information: • Characterization of the set of NE Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (ET, 1996) Hillman and Samet (PC, 1987) Hillman and Riley (EP, 1989) • Exclusion principle Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (AER, 1993) • Caps Che and Gale (AER, 1998) All-pay Auctions: (In)Complete Information: • Banning bidders from all-pay auctions Menicucci (ET,2006)
All-pay Auctions: Complete Information Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries, Economic Theory (1996): “The all-pay auction with complete information.”
Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (1996) • All-pay auctions: Applications • Lobbying • Technological competition and R&D • Political campaigns
Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (1996) • Main Result: Characterize the set of Nash equilibria in the first price all-pay auction with complete information • If v1 = … = vn, there exists a unique symmetric equilibrium and a continuum of asymmetric equilibria • If v1 > v2 > v3, there exists a unique equilibrium
v1 = … = vn = V • Hillman and Samet (PC, 1987)
All-pay Auctions: Complete Information Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (AER 1993): “Rigging the lobbying process: An application of the all-pay auction.”
Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (AER 1993) • The Model:
Baye, Kovenock, and De Vries (AER 1993) • Preliminary results: Exclusion principle
The Model • n > 2 lobbyists • Politician maximizes
The Model • Lobbyist i’s payoff
Results • Theorem 1 and Lemma 1 give
All-pay Auctions: Caps Che and Gale (AER, 1998): “Caps on Political Lobbying”
Motivation: Caps Little is known about the impact of contribution limits on aggregate expenditures
Preliminary Results: A cap on campaign contributions may increase aggregate expenditures
Preliminary Results: Intuition When a cap constraints the high-valuation lobbyist, a lobbyist with a lower valuation becomes relatively more aggressive. (Similar to the Exclusion Principle)
Che and Gale (1998): Model • 2 risk-neutral lobbyists v1 > v2 > 0 • A politician • self-interested • Benevolent • All-pay auction with exogenous cap on bids
Equilibrium with Caps • m – maximum allowable bid v2 > m > 0
Additional Bidders • n risk-neutral lobbyists v1 > v2 > … > vn > 0 No caps: 2 active bidders Suppose that vk/k > m > vk+1/(k+1) for some k < n There is an equilibrium with expected revenue of km. First k bid m. The expected revenue may again rise!