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An Overview of Immediate Environment Reform Group IV

An Overview of Immediate Environment Reform Group IV. Senait Gebredingle Weiming Li Yipei Yu Million Negassi Phil Losie Sean Perry. Introduction. Our sustainability strategy Investigate technologies available now Combine general reforms in all areas for greater effect

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An Overview of Immediate Environment Reform Group IV

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  1. An Overview of Immediate Environment ReformGroup IV Senait Gebredingle Weiming Li Yipei Yu Million Negassi Phil Losie Sean Perry Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  2. Introduction • Our sustainability strategy • Investigate technologies available now • Combine general reforms in all areas for greater effect • Determine net savings Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  3. Transportation is almost totally dependent on ail as a source of energy • Currently there are more that 400 million cars in the world • In 2030 the world’s automobile population will surpass on billion Transportation Energy Consumption Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  4. Transportation Energy Consumption • U.S consumes 20 million barrels of oil each day: • 40 % is used by passenger vehicles • 24 % by industry • 12 % by commercial and freight trucks • 7 % by aircraft • 6 % in residential and commercial buildings. • The automobile is responsible for nearly 90% of the energy consumed for travel in U.S. • High energy consumption is caused in large part by increasingly fuel-inefficient cars and trucks. • By 2030 cars have to be 3-times more efficient to maintain the sectors present consumption. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  5. Automobile’s Role in Atmospheric Pollution • In a typical U.S. city, motor vehicle emission accounts for: • 30-50% of hydrocarbon • 80-90% of carbon monoxide • 40-60% of nitrogen oxide emissions • Cars and light trucks are responsible for about 20% of the nation’s carbon dioxide, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. • A gallon of gasoline which weighs about 6 pounds can produce 20 pounds of carbon dioxide gas. • The carbon dioxide from motor vehicles contributes to global warming. • Vehicles with better fuel economy burn less gasoline and driving a fuel efficient vehicle helps the environment Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  6. Fuel Efficient Transportation • cars that burn less gas, cost less to operate and drastically cut down on pollution. • If we raise fuel efficiency standards in American cars by one mile per gallon, in one year, we would save twice the amount of oil that could be obtained from the arctic national wildlife refuge. • Raise it by 2.7 miles a gallon to eliminate all the oil imports from Iraq and Kuwait combined • Raise it by 7.6 mpg, we eliminate one-hundred percent of our gulf oil imports into this country . Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  7. 5 passenger sedan First hybrid version of an established car model 40% better gas mileage than conventional Civic Sedan Fuel Efficient Transportation • Hybrid cars produce significantly fewer harmful emissions, and they save about 10% to 20% in primary energy (over the entire energy chain). • There are now three gas-electric hybrid car models on the market: the Toyota Prius, the Honda Insight, and the hybrid version of the Honda Civic. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  8. Hybrid owners who drive the average 12,000 miles per year can saving between $600 and $1,000 each year on gasoline. • Federal government currently offers hybrid owners a tax credit of up to $1,500 for purchasing a “clean fuels” vehicle. • Hybrid technology has been applied in public transportation which showed 22% increase in fuel efficiency. This in turn will promote public transportation growth. Fuel Efficient Transportation Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  9. Energy • Electrical • Manufacture • Household • Public lighting • Mechanical • Transportation—air planes, trucks, cars, trains • Industry Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  10. Source for Electricity Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  11. Electric Power Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  12. Source for Mechanical • Fossil oil • Natural gas Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  13. Transportation Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  14. Emissions • Carbon dioxide • -- global warming • -- 5.8 billion metric tons in 2002, 16% more than the level in 1990 • Sulfur dioxide • Oxides of nitrogen • Mercury Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  15. Scary? Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  16. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  17. Solar • Most abundant natural energy • Approximately 1,000 W/m² • Free everywhere, unlimited • Oops! • No sunshine at night • PV system is NOT free, but expensive! • 3.6-kW costs around $32,000 Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  18. Other Natural Energies • Wind • Geothermal • Hydropower—largest renewable energy source • Ocean waves Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  19. Fuel cells • Use hydrogen, by product is water • Source: natural gas, propane, gasoline, methanol and ethanol • Feasible, Scalable • Wide applications--cars, replace combustion power plants, backup power, electronics • Downside—fuel processor release carbon dioxide • Opportunity—Metal Hydride & Powerball technology Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  20. Other Technologies • Biomass • Bio-diesel • Nuclear Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  21. Energy Source Diversity • Open door for any potentially clean sources • Diversity  Security • Maximize the advantages to disadvantages ratio by applying to the most efficient field • Easier to overcome disaster • stabilize electricity prices • Goal  reduce fossil fuel dependency, cut back emissions Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  22. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  23. Proposed Improvement • Domestic – multiple-pipeline system • One pipeline for fresh drinking water • One pipeline for recycled water use for toilet, carwash and other area. • Industry – water recycling • Agriculture – water recycling through wastewater and nature. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  24. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  25. Domestic Water Recycle • Afterward shower water, bath water, and water from wash machine (45% of water) goes back to the water management facility for processing. • After processing, the water is pumped back to the pipe for toilet usage and carwash. • Save 29% of the water usage by toilet flush • 16% of the recycled water can be used for agriculture and industries. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  26. Agricultural and Industrial usage • Agriculture – mainly used to water crops. • Water in the industries serves many different purposes: • as an ingredient of a product, • a part of the whole production process • used to cool substances in the production process • for transportation and conditioning of raw materials • for boiling or cooking, for flushing, as a cleaning agent and for product transport by shipping. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  27. Wastewater Recycling • Softening - Removal of Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) ions • Adsorption - removing a soluble substance from the water • Membrane filtration - In the reversed osmosis process water is forced across a membrane, leaving the impurities behind • Ion exchanger - remove salts (cations and anions) from the water • Disinfection – remove Bacteria and other microorganisms • Iron removal - remove excessive iron and manganese Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  28. Water reuse in different industries • paper industry - water can be recycled by membrane filtration and membrane bioreactors. (MBR) • textile industry - membrane filtration • poultry industry - filtration and ozone disinfection, cooling water can be recycled • food and beverage industry- Water recycling using UV-disinfection and membrane filtration • greenhouse horticulture - Water recycling and disinfection heat treatment, sand filtration and ozone- and UV treatment. • oily wastewater - oil can be removed by membrane filtration and ozone/UV treatment. • cooling water savings - open recirculating cooling towers. • agricultural irrigation – recycling by municipal wastewater effluent Source: Lenntech Overview Water recycling applications in the industry Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  29. Benefit with water recycle • Industry • Energy savings in the heating process and cooling process because the energy requirement demands are lowered. • Agriculture • Apart from the removal of unwanted elements, nutrients for plants can add to the recycle water for healthy grown plants. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  30. Agriculture: water from nature • Collect rains during rain/snow season. • Filter out the dirty substance. • Process the rain if the acid level is high. • Feedback into the pipe for agricultural usage • Can save 10-20% of the water Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  31. Summary • Domestic – 29-30% from toilet and cleaning • Industry – Estimate 40-50% from wastewater recycling • Agriculture – Estimate 35-40% from the wastewater recycling and rain/snow collecting • Overall improvement: • Save at least 36% of the total water usage. • 0.08(0.29) + 0.22(0.4) + 0.7(0.35)= 36% Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  32. AIR QAULITY • OVER VIEW • Outdoor air qaulity • Air quality index(AQI) • Measuring air quality • Acceptable AQI values • Identify air threats • Ecological impacts • Results Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  33. Outdoor Air quality • Air quality improvement is measured by using Air Quality Index. • Data collection is based on national definition of pollutants that are monitored by stations on yearly basis. • Each data collection station reports its findings reports to county/region is responsible for collecting data and the AQI is compiled to identify Air quality threats if any. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  34. Outdoor Air quality • From the data collection air pollution concentrations are decreasing and quality is improving. • Overall, most parts of the US have low level NO2,SO2,CO and lead that meets EPA’s standard. • Ozone level is still consider to be above the standard. • Acceptable level 0.12 ppm (235 µg/m3)0.08 ppm (157 µg/m3). Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  35. Outdoor Air Quality • Highest AQI value for an individual pollutant becomes the AQI value for that area for that particular day. • For example: • If area A had AQI values of 150 for ozone and 120 for PM, the AQI value would be 150 for the pollutant ozone on that day. • For pollutants above 100, sensitive groups should be cautioned. • Ozone levels most often drive the AQI. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  36. IDENTIFYING Air Quality THREAT • Air quality index values range from 0 to 500. • Higher numbers indicate more air pollution. • Potential risk to public health. • What if AQI is 100? • It is considered to be okay and EPA defines it as a standard pollutant. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  37. IDENTIFYING Air Quality THREAT • AQI less than 100 is a satisfactory. • AQI 50 ->100 affects sensitive groups. • This individuals are considered as exceptionally sensitive. • If AQI is above 100 the air is believed to be unhealthy. • It affects children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  38. AQI VALUES • 1988 and 2001: • 1000 days with an AQI of 100 or greater. • There were 3,300 days prior to 1988. • AQI of 100 or more is 1000-2000 on average. • AQI more than 100 was 10% (1988). • It decreased to 3% ( 2001). Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  39. Measuring Air Quality • One measure of outdoor air quality is the daily AQI. • AQI is based on concentrations of five air pollutants: • ozone, PM, CO, SO2, and NO2. • AQI indicates how clean or polluted the air is. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  40. Measuring Air Quality • AQI: • Indicates health concerns. • Focuses on breathing polluted air with in hours or days. • AQI findings by state agencies are reported in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  41. COLOR-CODED AQI • Green-> “good” = AQI from 0 to 50. • Yellow-> “moderate”—51 to 100. • Orange-> “unhealthy for sensitive groups”101 to 150. • Red-> “unhealthy”—151 to 200. • Purple-> “very unhealthy”—201 to 300. • Maroon -> “hazardous”—301 to 500. • If AQI values over 300 emergency conditions for the entire population. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  42. Pollution and Health Risk • Pollution of air can cause series heart problems by narrowing blood arteries. • A recent research conducted on 800 people demonstrated that air pollution affects blood flow. • For every ten microgams/m^3 there was a 5.9% thickness increase around the neck. • Some pollutants have an inflammatory effect on the inner linings of arteries. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  43. Pollution and Health Risk • Generally high level pollution narrows the arteries that leads to heart attack and stroke. • If AQI is above 100 the air is believed to be unhealthy. • AQI between 50 and 100 affects exceptionally sensitive groups. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  44. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT • Poor Outdoor air: • Affects human health and transports pollutants. • Deposits pollutants onto soils. • Transports pollutants to waters. • Pollutants: • Cause ecological hazardous. • Plants and crops can be damaged by ground-level ozone. • Affect plants health and the ability to grow and reproduce. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  45. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT • Through its effects on plants, ozone can pose risks to ecological functions: • Water movement. • Mineral nutrient cycling. • Habitats for various species. • Airborne nitrogen species: • Contribute to excess nitrogen levels in ecosystems. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  46. Results • The world's atmosphere: • Currently is 380 parts per million of carbon dioxide. • It was 280 parts per million in 1800. • Greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2002: • 13.1% increase in U.S. • 38.5% reduction in Russian. Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  47. AQI Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  48. RESULTS Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  49. RESULTS Sources : EPA.gov/WorldEcology.org

  50. Sustainability in Materials/Chemicals • Glass versus plastic • Lightweight recyclable materials • Nontoxic chemical alternatives

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